■ 1ILIAHTL0VER5 

OF FIELD AND 



GARDEN 



SS1 



*3fefe 



fMk 



&* m 



m®&. 



m 



i&tfddm 



"■iikb''''*-^-.' '- 




Class ^ 2KJJ1 

Book . M ■ 

\°\H 
Copyright If 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 




Showy Tick-Trefoil. 
Besmodium Canadense. 



Familiar Flowers 
of Field and Garden 

Described and Illustrated by 
F. Schuyler Mathews 

Author of Familiar Trees, Etc. 

New Edition 
With Orthochromatic Photographs from 
Nature by L. W. Brownell, and over^Two 
Hundred Drawings by the Author, and a 
Systematical Index and Floral Calendar 




New York 

D. Appleton and Company 

1901 






THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Coptta Received 

HJN. 13 1901 

COPVHIGHT ENTRV 

CLASS <2-XXc N». 
COPY B. 



Copyright, 1895, 1901, 
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 



PEEFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION. 



With this latest edition of Familiar Flowers we 
have, through the kindness of the publishers, some 
valuable additions in the way of photographs from 
nature by Mr. W. L. Brown ell, showing the habital 
likenesses of some of our common wild flowers. 

Nothing could be daintier than the print of the 
graceful bindweed, and assuredly one would never 
suppose that the uninteresting, weedlike Desmo- 
dium* so often passed by because of its lack of ses- 
thetic qualities, could appear at once so decorative 
and attractive. Even the Eupatorium becomes dis- 
tinguished in a photograph, and I am not quite sure 
that I ever appreciated so fully the graces of that 
abominable Dodder until I had seen the likeness 
which appears in this book. It all lies in the ex- 
pression or the impression, it is hard to tell which. 

Nature possesses so many moods and phases that 
we can not make ourselves too familiar with her 
changeability. What has escaped my pencil the 

* See frontispiece. 



iy FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

camera has caught, and, vice versa, what the camera 
could not reproduce I endeavored to portray. 

These photographic reproductions, therefore, 
ought to be especially serviceable in the attempt to 
identify plants. Indeed, the means at our disposal, 
for identification, can hardly be too extensive. 

Time progresses, and the botanist changes his 
opinion ; but the wild flower never changes, and with 
a little help we can recognize our flower. That is 
all this book is meant for : it should be a help. 

Perhaps the less said about the changes in recent 
years of scientific names for plants the better. At 
least they are confusing and misleading, and fortu- 
nately many of them are not going to last. It seems 
wisest, therefore, to abide by the names used by Dr. 
Gray, with such revision as his successors in Har- 
vard University consider absolutely necessary. I am 
glad to say that few of these changes will affect the 
names appearing in this volume, and I am sure it is 
safest for us to adopt the conservative course of the 
greater botanists in this country. Thus far there 
has been no international agreement between the 
men of the New and the Old World in reference to 
nomenclature. 

It is not without gratitude to my readers that I 

find this book, written at my hillside studio in the 

beautiful Pemigewasset Yalley, entering upon a new 

edition — the sixth. 

F. Schuyler Mathews. 

April, 1001. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Familiarity with a flower does not always in- 
clude a knowledge of its name and family. This 
little volume is intended properly to introduce many 
familiar characters. We are better pleased to know 
the golden-rod, virgin's bower, and blood-root by their 
titled names — Arguta Solidago, Clematis of Vir- 
ginia, and Scmguinaria of Canada. But the book 
goes a step further and supplements the introduction 
with a little friendly gossip based on personal experi- 
ence. Alas ! personal experiences are all more or less 
different, so I must be pardoned for occasionally ap- 
pearing to disagree with those whose wide experience, 
profound research, and scientific training entitle them 
to acceptation as unquestionable and final authorities. 
But opportunity is often the means whereby one 
may arrive at truths not always in the possession of 
the most learned ; and the fact that I have seen the 
Atamasco lily in bloom in May and even earlier in- 
clines me to the belief that the same opportunity was 



Yi FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

not afforded to Dr. Asa Gray. Aster ericoides I do 
not find confined to southern New England ; it has 
been cultivated in New Hampshire. It is also the 
fact that certain variations in type are unrecorded 
in botanical books to which I have referred ; such 
variations appear in a few of my drawings. The 
environment of a flower and the length of time in 
which it blooms are also recorded here with some 
variation from that according to Dr. Gray. In such 
instances I have relied upon my own personal expe- 
rience. Regarding the colors of flowers, I take the 
liberty of saying that no authority has appeared to 
be perfectly satisfactory from my particular point of 
view, and I regret to add that certain records in Dr. 
Gray's books seem to point to the fact that he was 
at least partially color-blind. 

To any artist who is a colorist it is almost incon- 
ceivable that crimson should not be distinguished from 
scarlet. When it is possible for him to produce fifty 
distinct variations of red between these two colors, it 
will be easily understood why he should look on the 
color-blind person as an eighth wonder of the world ! 

Color terms are best considered as relative to each 
other — for instance, blue-violet, violet, violet-purple, 
purple, purple-magenta, magenta, magenta-red, etc. 
The name rose-purple is quite indefinite. I suppose it 
means pinh-^wc pie ; but pink-purple is anomalous. It 



INTRODUCTION. vii 

is a combinatioD of a tint and a hue, and should read 
either pink-lilac, as a tint, or magenta-purple, as a 
hue. Now, as these colors are entirely dissimilar, I 
am left in complete doubt as to which one the bota- 
nist refers in using the term rose-purple. 

The color of a flower is an important factor in its 
identification, and I have exercised great care in the 
selection of an adequate name for it ; at the same 
time, a few popular color-names have been retained 
when these seemed to be sufficiently near the truth, 
although certainly not exact. But flowers vary in 
the presentation of a certain hue ; two specimens of 
Lilium Philadelphicum are likely to show two dis- 
tinct tones of red. Magenta-pink, crimson-pink, and 
pure pink are varieties of pink common in the Orchis 
family. Hdbenaria jimbriata is apt to vary from a 
tint to a light hue. Oypripedium acaule is also a 
variable crimson-pink flower. 

By constant reference to Dr. Gray I mean to 
draw attention to him as our highest botanical author- 
ity. The Manual and Field, Forest, and Garden 
Botany furnish a scientific background, so to speak, 
for this volume. A late revision of the Manual fur- 
nishes a full, detailed description of certain wild flow- 
ers ; but a later revision, by Prof. L. H. Bailey, of 
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, recently published, 
will undoubtedly prove the more useful book of the 



viii FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

two for those who are inexperienced in botanical 
research. In Prof. Median's Flowers and Ferns of 
the United States I have found a valuable authority 
on the habits and characters of our more Western 
flowers, and Prof. Goodale in his Wild Flowers of 
America has supplied me with many interesting facts 
connected with some of our common Eastern flowers. 
This selection of familiar wild and garden flowers in- 
cludes those which have seemed most familiar or in- 
teresting or even homely to one who spends a great 
deal of time in the garden and fields surrounding a 
hillside studio. Most of the Western and Southwest- 
ern wild flowers (now in cultivation) grow in this gar- 
den, and these, with others of the woods and fields 
near by, were sketched on the spot. Still other speci- 
mens (many of which grew in the Arnold Arboretum 
near Boston) of various localities were likewise drawn 
directly from Nature. 

What the character of the message is which a wild 
flower brings to the observant lover of Nature depends 
largely upon disposition of the individual. This one 
is susceptible to no suggestion ; that one sees a vis- 
ion of the beautiful beyond the conception of the 
unimaginative ; another hears the music of Nature 
and sees the beautiful as well. Let us hope that 
there are few Americans of whom Wordsworth 
might say: 



INTRODUCTION. ix 

" A primrose by a river's brim 
A yellow primrose was to him, 
And it was nothing more." 

But, on the other hand, who of us can truly say — 

" To me the meanest flower that blows can give 
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears " f 

There is no doubt in my mind as to what Beet- 
hoven was thinking of when he wrote the lovely 
scherzo of his Heroic Symphony. The music is 
brimful of the woods and fields of springtime. We 
do not know exactly what Chopin imagined when 
he composed his Impromptu Fantasia, but its exu- 
berant music suggests the joy and freedom of the 
birds and flowers in the woods and meadows of June. 

A little more familiarity with Nature will lead us 
to a better understanding of her message — a message 
she surely has for every one who will but listen. 

F. Schuyler Mathews. 

El Fureidis, Blair, Campton, N. H., 
October, 1894. 



PHOTOGRAPHS FROM NATURE. 



FACING 
PAGE. 

Showy Tick-Trefoil Frontispiece 

Hedge Bindweed 125 

Dodder 135 

Toadflax or Butter and Eggs 173 

Pearly Everlasting 183 

Larger Bur-marigold 188 

Jerusalem Artichoke 208 

Upland Boneset 212 

Early Golden-rod 218 

Small-leaved Burdock 258 

Downy False Foxglove ....... 269 

Common Thistle 300 

xi 



l^ 











• 



'i'i: *..•' 






In the Fields. 



FAMILIAR FLOWERS 
OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



CHAPTER I. 

MARCH AND APRIL. 
Arbutus to Spring Everlasting. 

Trailing Arbutus, Among the favorite flowers of spring, 
or Mayflower. ^ Pi]grim > s Mayflower seems to hold 
Epi 



the first place in the heart of a loyal 
New-Englander. It has even been suggested as a 
national flower for our country. But the trailing 
arbutus is too local to stir the enthusiastic in- 
terest of our Western and Southern 
fellow-countrymen ; and not 
long ago, when the 
subject of a nation- 
al flower was agi- 
tated, a most decid- 
ed preference was 
expressed by vote 

. . ' Trailing Arbutus. 

ior the golden-rod. 

However, the sweetness and quiet beauty of the trail- 
ing arbutus deserve the highest consideration, and it 
is at least the representative New England wild 




2 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

flower. The Englishman does not need to ask us, 
" Where are your fragrant flowers ? " John Bur- 
roughs says : " Let him look closer and penetrate 
our forests and visit our ponds and lakes. . . . Let 
him compare our matchless,- rosy -lipped, honey- 
hearted, trailing arbutus with his own ugly ground 
ivy (Nepeta Glechoma)" We can make our own 
comparison if we choose, for the ground ivy has be- 
come naturalized here, and it may be found in shady 
places creeping and spreading over the waysides ; 
its flowers are light blue and its leaves kidney- 
shaped ; it can be seen in Prospect Park, Brook- 
lyn, in May. But the ground ivy is not to be men- 
tioned in the same breath with our sweet Mayflow- 
er. We must pass what the poet Whittier has to 
say about it for lack of space, and turn our attention 
to its natural environment. I have found the love- 
liest blossoms not in Massachusetts, but in a hilly, wet 
pasture on the southern slopes of the White Moun- 
tains. Here the largest and pinkest blossoms were 
gathered among damp moss and withered leaves not 
two feet away from the remains of a winter's snow- 
drift ; this was on the 25th of April. It must be re- 
membered that snowdrifts frequently remain on the 
southern gorges of the White Hills as late as the mid- 
dle of May. But the arbutus does not mind the cool 
breath of a tardy New England spring ; on the con- 



MARCH AND APRIL. 



trary, it thrives best not in sunny pastures where the 
sun is doing its warmest work, but in the chill and 
shadowy retreats of little dells, and in hollows be- 
tween rocks and groups of stunted firs, where the 
hillside is wet and cold with patches of melting ice 
and snow. The starry blossoms are ineffably sweet, 
and have a frosty, waxy look, and a dainty pink at 
the edge of the petals, more attractive than the deli- 
cate coloring of many a highly prized garden flower. 
The fresh petals have a taste 
not unlike muscatel grapes. 
The flower grows plentifully 
on the southeastern coast of 
Massachusetts, and is annually 
seen for sale in the streets of 
Boston. 

If we call the 
Snowdrop. , r n . 

„ 7 J7 . 7 . Mayflower the 

Galantlius nivalis. '' 

representative 
wild flower of New England, 
then the snowdrop may be 
called the representative spring 
flower of Old England ! It is 
not as familiar an object in 
our own meadow borders as we would wish ; yet 
it grows easily, and thrives in the bleak air of a 
New England spring. There are several old houses 




Snowdrop. 



4 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



in Roxbury whose front yards are brightened by this 
seemingly pathetic, drooping little flower as early as 
the frost will permit it to appear. It is amazing to 
see the courageous little thing hanging its dainty 
head over patches of ice and snow which linger into 
the middle of March ! "When the snow and the 
flower are seen thus together, we 
are startled by the incongruity of 
the situation : death and life side 
by side on the dawn of the living 
year. The 1st of January, New- 
Year's day, is but a name ; the real 
birthday of the year is marked by 
the first snowdrop which lifts its 
head above the winter's snow. 

The flower is full of interest, 
and even under the glass it reveals 
a new beauty ; its inner divisions 
are short and notched at the end, 
and are tipped with green ; the 
coloring inside is extremely deli- 
cate. The snowdrop belongs to the 
Amaryllis family. 

Scilla, or Squill. The P rett J blne 

, or scilla, which ap- 
pears in the grassy plots of our parks 
and gardens in early spring, is a welcome visitor 




Scilla Siberica, 
amoina 



Scilla, or Squill. 



MARCH AND APRIL. 



from Siberia, come to stay in our country. It is 
perfectly hardy, and its refreshing blue in among 
the new grass blades is peculiarly harmonious with 
the background of green. 
We have one native variety 
called S. Fraseri, or wild 
hyacinth ; this is common on 
moist banks and prairies from 
Ohio westward ; it grows 
about ten inches high, and its 
flowers are pale violet-blue, a 
color not so pretty as the 
purer blue of the cultivated 
Siberian variety, which may 
be seen in early spring dot- 
ting the greensward of the 
Public Garden, Boston. The 
bulb of 8. Maritima, a Medi- 
terranean variety, is officinal, 
and Sirup of Squills is used 
for bronchial troubles. 

Skunk Cabbage. Tne earnest 
SympUcarpus harbinger of 

J the spring is 

the skunk cabbage. This skunk cabbage, 

most suggestively repellent plant is about as attract- 
ive in odor as it is in name ! Yet, aside from this 




6 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

little misfortune, Nature has given the odoriferous 
cabbage a very interesting though not a beautiful 
appearance, and its very peculiarity invites attention. 
There is something startling in the fact that the 
dark, livid-colored thing is related to the spotless 
calla (what a contrast !), and to the sturdy and happy- 
looking Jack-in-the-pulpit ! But the appearance of 
the brown-purple spathe must be attractive to ani- 
mated Nature, otherwise it would not contain so 
many relics of " a ball that is over." Many insects 
must have led quite a lively dance inside the spathe, 
for when we look within its folds we see plenty of 
remains — honeybees, small flies, bugs, spiders, beetles, 
and the like. Somehow, I never see a skunk cabbage, 
w T ith its company of buzzing insects, without thinking 
of Tarn o' Shanter : the little witches are having " a 
high old time " within, and one can not help feeling 
somewhat ungracious over the knowledge that beau- 
tiful Nature does show herself disgusting once in a 
while ; why, in the name of all that is sweet, do 
dainty honeybees want to visit such a malodorous 
character ? Thoreau says, " Lucky that this flower 
does not flavor their honey." 

The marsh marigold is another flower 
„ , , , . ' which is found for sale in the streets 

Caltha palustris. 

of Boston in spring. It seems a pity 
that wrong names should attach themselves to our 



MARCH AND APRIL. 



wild flowers, and occasion some confusion regarding 
their family relations. This flower is not related 




Marsh Marigold. 



either to the garden calendula (pot marigold) or to 
the English cowslip ; yet it often goes by the latter 
name (without the English). The flower rather dis- 



8 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. ' 

tantly reminds one of the buttercup, to which it is 
related ; but it is thick and stocky-looking, and de- 
serves some interest on its own account. It will be 
found in early April beside the brooks as they wind 
through the meadows, and in springy ground. It is 
common also in Italy, where we would hardly look 
for it. The calyx is golden yellow in hue, and the 
dark-green, thickish leaf is like a rounded kidney in 
shape. 




Hepatica. 



Liverwort. Hepatica triloba is one of the earliest 

Hepatica triloba. f our spring flowers, and perhaps 

one of the most beautiful. It is often described as a 



MARCH AND APRIL. 9 

blue flower, but I must object to this on the ground 
that its blue is only a qualifying condition of its pur- 
ple. Often the blossoms are nearly white, but as a 
rule they are blue-purple of extraordinarily delicate 
quality. The leaves come out later than the flowers, 
and by the end of summer they are strong and thick, 
dark green in color, and leathery in texture. They 
remain green all winter. The flower grows on the 
edge of the wood, and often in sunny pastures ; at 
least this is so in the Eastern States. A distinguish- 
ing point in the Hepatica is its hairy flower stem. 
It is not too early to look for it immediately after 
the snow has disappeared ; in fact, it is contempora- 
neous with the arbutus, whose blossoms one may often 
gather within a few feet of a lingering snowdrift ! 

There is no reason why the adder's- 

Violet or tongue should be called a violet ; it 

Adder's-Tongue. is really a lily ; and so far as the re- 

Erythronium semblance in shape between the white 

Americarmm. x 

root of the plant and a dog's tooth is 
concerned, that is too trifling for serious considera- 
tion. There is a snaky look to the prettily mottled 
leaf, but nothing to remind one of the snake's tongue. 
I have found this flower growing beside a little brook 
as it issued from the border of the wood as late as 
the 10th of May. The blossom is usually russet yel- 
low, and the upright leaves, spotted with a darker 



10 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



color in delicate pencilings, are readily distinguished 
from the surrounding green. But we may find some 
specimens without the 
slightest trace of this 
mottled color ; so we 
must remember that 
Nature, frequently ec- 
centric, refuses to fol- 
low a rule unless it is 
connected with some 
great underlying prin- 
ciple of creation. This 
dainty little lily grows 
as cheerfully on the 
slopes of Mount Wash- 
ington, at an altitude 
of over two thousand 
feet, as it does in some of the wooded 
dells of Staten Island. It is an early 
flower, and may be looked for in 
April. 

Pansy. That the pansy is a 

Viola tricolor. great f avor i te i n our 

country is demonstrated by the fact that a seedsman 
tells me he alone sells over two hundred thousand 
packages of the seed in a year ! The flower is really 
a large party-colored variety of the violet, and it 




Dog's-tooth Violet. 



MARCH AND APRIL. 



11 



appears in such variegated colors that it would be 
difficult to describe even the commonest types. In 
one strain there are specimens which approach as 
near to a black flower as it seems possible. I con- 
sider the French pansies of M. Bugnot by all odds the 
finest. But this is a matter of opinion which I am 
not disposed to urge. Cassier's 
Odier is a variety of large size 
and fine color, usually three or 
five spotted. The pansy should 
be treated as a biennial; if we 
wish fine flowers we must raise 
them from seed each year ; they 
bloom from early spring to mid- 
summer. The Sweet Yiolet ( V. 
odorata), a relation of the pansy, 
comes from England and Italy, 
and is not hardy in our gardens 
of the North. The double-flow- 
ered varieties do not seed. 

The tulip comes 

to us from Asia 

Minor, but indi- 
rectly from Holland. In Ara- 
bian ornament, particularly in uip * 
decorative painting, the flower is frequently repre- 
sented. Our finest tulips come from Haarlem, Hol- 



Tulip. 

Tulipa Gesneriana. 




12 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

land, where there are extensive farms devoted to the 
culture of the splendid flower. In 1634, and three 
years after, all Holland was crazy over the tulip! 
This so-called tulipomania was Anally ended by State 
interposition. At one time a collection of fine bulbs 
of one Wouter Brockholminster sold for $44,100. 
The first tulip, it is said, came to Europe from Per- 
sia, by way of Constantinople, in 1559. The taste 
for tulips did not reach its height in England until 
the close of the seventeenth century. The flower 
ranges without restriction through the chromatic 
scale, but excepts blue, although it suggests it in the 
variety named Bleu Celeste. The varieties are sim- 
ply endless. They flower successively through spring. 
The tulip is a member of the Lily family. 

Blood-root. About the latter end of April, in the 

Sanguinaria valley of the Pemigewasset (the river 

Canadensis. i»i ,i • . , i , j> 

which gathers its crystal waters irom 
the southern slopes of the Franconia Mountains), be- 
side the road, on the brink of the river, in moist pas- 
tures, and beside the woodland brook, may be found 
the beautiful, broad white flowers of the plant which 
furnishes a famous specific for coughs and colds. 
Long before I became acquainted with the plant I 
had taken many drops of its orange-red blood on 
lump sugar. It is surprising that in three botanical 
books I found the juice described as crimson; for 



MARCH AND APRIL. 



13 



crimson is a blue-red, and this color will not apply in 
any respect to blood-root. If a bit of the stem of a 
leaf is squeezed, it will 
exude an orange-col- 
ored juice, which stains 
everything it comes in 
contact with. The 

blood-root leaf grows 
circling about the ris- 
ing flower stem, and 
does not attain its full 
size of about five inches 
across until the flower 
is quite gone. Alas! 
it goes quickly enough. 
This is the reason why 
some of our most beau- 
tiful wild flowers are 
not cultivated by the 
florists ; it does not pay 
to spend much time 
over such ephemeral 
lives. The blood-root 
is like a butterfly; it 
comes and goes in a day, like the poppy, to which 
it is related. The blossom is as lovely and white 
as a lily, and has a golden center. 




Blood-root. 



14 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 





Spring 
Everlasting 



Spring This is an insignificant 

A ' white, cottony - stemmed 

piantaginifolia. plant, which lacks beauty 
altogether ; yet it is so common in the 
meadows and pastures of the hill country 
that one must know what it is on account 
of its conspicuousness in early spring. 
There are great patches of straggling 
white seen in the meadows through April, 
and one wonders, from the distance of a 
car window in the swiftly passing train, 
what the " white stuff " is — leastwise, I 
have been asked such a question. But it 
is only Antennaria, and scarcely merits 
attention, unless one wishes to examine 
its peculiar fuzziness through a little mi- 
croscope. 

The so-called Calk Lily (it 
is not a lily, nor a true 
calk either) is a beautiful, 
white relative of Jack-in-the-Puipit. But 
it is not hardy and must be considered 
more of a house plant. It comes from 
Africa, and blooms in spring. The new 
dwarf variety, Little Gem, is an abundant 
bloomer. 



-Ethiopian Calla. 

Eichardia Africana. 



CHAPTER II. 



APRIL AND MAY. 
To Flowering Wintergreen. 



Bellwort. 

Oahesia sessilifolia. 



The flower of the bellwort is rather 
an insignificant, attenuated little 
thing, which one would hardly notice unless the plant 
was picked, and 
its hidden side 
(whence depends 
the bell) turned 
into view. The 
flower is cream- 
color, the upper 
surface of the leaf- 
age is pale green, 
and the under sur- 
face bluish green. 
The plant is not 
often more than 
eight inches high 
as it grows in Bellwort. 

15 




Bellwort. 



16 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




the White Mountain 
woods. The green, 
three-sided seed pod 
looks like a beechnut. 
Uvularia perfoliata 
is a very near rela- 
tion to the flower 
under consideration, 
with differences which 
Prof. Goodale fully 
explains in his book 
entitled Wild Flowers 
of America. It is 
sufficient here to say 
that in this variety 
the stem seems to 
pass through the base 
of each one of the 
leaves. The bellwort 
flowers in April and 



Anemone nemorosa. 



Wood Anemone, 
or Windflower. 

Anemone nemorosa. 



May. 
The wood anemone 
really belongs in 
the half-lit woods 
of spring, when the foliage is un- 
developed and its shade is thin and 
spotty ; but I have often found the 




Leaf of Anemone 
nemorosa. 



APRIL AND MAY. 



n 



flower beside the road, and as late, too, as the mid- 
dle of May. This was among the mountains, where 
the altitude is apt to 
retard the advance of 
spring. The blossom is 
frail, with five or more 
white sepals (not petals) 
sometimes suffused with 
a delicate crimson pink. 
The leaves are character- 
istically wedge-shaped, 
and on this account 
there is no excuse for confusing 
the plant with Thalictrum anemo- 
noides, or rue anemone. The 
leaves of the latter are like those 
of the meadow rue. 

The dainty rue 

anemone is often 

confused with the 

anemone just de- 
scribed. A glance at my two 
drawings will at once discover 
the wide difference between the two little plants. 
Besides the difference in leafage, A. nemorosa is a 
one-flowered plant, while A. thalictroides bears quite 
a cluster of blossoms having six or more white se- 



Eue Anemone. 

Anemonella 

thalictroides, 
or Thalictrum 
anemonoides. 




Anemonella thalic- 
troides. 



18 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



pals ; sometimes these are pinkish. Gray says from 
five to ten sepals, but the majority of specimens 
I have gathered seemed to bear six. This flower 
does not rank as an anemone, and Gray states the 

reason why ; 
but for me it 
bears a suffi- 
cient and un- 
mistakable fam- 
ily likeness in its leaf- 
age to rue or Thalic- 
trum. It blooms in 
May. 

The little pink 
spring beauty 
is a favorite 
with every one who loves wild 
flowers. Who would ever suspect 
it was a kind of pusley ? The flow- 
er stem, bearing several blossoms, 
sprawls outward from between two broad, 
grasslike, dark-green leaves. The flower is delicately 
veined with a deeper pink, and has five petals and 
two sepals. Sometimes it is quite white with pink 
veining. Like a great many other delicate wild 
flowers, it has a disappointing way of closing as 
soon as it is picked ; but a tumbler of water and 




Spring Beauty. 

Claytonia 

Virginica. 



Spring 
Beauty 



APRIL AND MAY. 19 

sunlight soon work a change in the shy flower, and 
we need not throw it away as hopelessly withered. 
I have found the flower on Long Island, and in 
New Jersey, in April and May. It is quite com- 
mon in moist places in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. 

The pretty little plant called 
Dutchman's Breeches. ^ , , , . , 

Dutchman's breeches is common 

Dtcentra Cucullaria. 

about New York and Brooklyn, 
and its dainty white flower tipped with yellow may 
be found in the leaf-mold localities of thin woods, 
where shade and sunlight are evenly distributed. 
From its similarity in structure to the familiar Bleed- 
ing Heart of the garden (Dieentra spectaMUs), it 
will at once show its near relationship with the lat- 
ter flower. I have never found the Dutchman's 
breeches in the woods of New Hampshire. It 
blooms in April and May, and is a low-growing, 
ornamental-leaved plant of a rather delicate appear- 
ance. 

Early Saxifrage. The earl J saxifrage which flowers in 
Saxifraga April and May is not by any means 

a conspicuous plant. We will find it 
nestling among the rocks in the pastures and in 
shady places beside the wood. The singularly orna- 
mental arrangement of the fresh leaves when the 
plant is young can not fail to attract notice; they 
spread around in an even circle like a rosette. But 



20 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




the tiny white flow- 
ers are rather insig- 
nificant ; they are 
five-pointed, like a 
star, with a touch of 
yellow in the center ; later 
on, when the pods appear 
they contribute a bit of 
rich brown to the little 
plant. Gray says purple, 
but the color is rather a 
madder-brown. The name 
means rock-breaker. 

The large 
Large White ° 

Trillium. white trilli- 

TriiUum um is considered the finest of all the 

trilliums ; it is certainly a lovely 

waxy white in color, but inclined toward a pinkish 

tint as it grows older. It is distinctively a woodland 

lily, which keeps 
clear of the mod- 
erate sunshine of 
April. The flower 
has three long white 
petals without the 
marking shown in 
my drawing of the 



Early Saxifrage. 




APRIL AND MAY. 



21 



Fainted 
Trillium. 

Trillium 
erythrocarpum. 



painted trillium. The leaves are broader than those 
of the following plant. 

The painted 
trillium is 
not as large 
as the pre- 
ceding variety, 
but to my own 
taste it is more 
beautiful. The 
edges of the pet- 
als are wavy, and 
the sharp Y-shaped crimson color at the 
center of the flower is worth a close 
study under the magnifying glass. It 
will be noted that Gray says pink ; but 
it is well to remember that he is not 
always reliable in his color descriptions. 
The fact is, there are many people who, 
. whether color-blind or not, are incapable 
of distinguishing subtle variations of 
color; and the confusion of crimson 
with pink in the present instance is a 
demonstration of the fact. The charac- 
ter of the red on the petals of this 
trillium is crimson — a matter too easily proved by 
the science of color to admit of any discussion here. 




22 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

The plant is about eighteen inches high, and the 
flower is two inches across. Sometimes the leaves 
show a bluish bloom on the surface, and the stems 
are stained with a ruddy brown color two thirds 
of the way down. I have picked handsome speci- 
mens beside a woodland road, as late as May 20th, 
near Campton Tillage, !N". H. ; but the flower may 
be looked for in April, farther south. 

Birthroot, or Here > a g ain > Gra J is rather inaccu- 

Wake Kobin. ra te regarding color, for he calls the 
birthroot dark, dull purple. There is 
only a trace of purple in the flower. It is dull mad- 
der-red in color, sometimes pale, but generally pretty 
strong. I might explain that brown and purple mad- 
der are shades of red approaching maroon in tone, 
with a greater or less influence of purple. But this 
by no means guarantees the term purple, any more 
than the expression u a red face" indicates one of 
an unqualified scarlet hue. This birthroot is one of 
those pretty aesthetic red flowers whose color reminds 
one of certain chrysanthemums. Of the three tril- 
liums mentioned, this seems least attractive; but it is 
nevertheless a handsome wild flower, which can be 
proved by arranging it carefully in a vase before one 
of those black silk Japanese screens which are com- 
mon in many households. The trilliums are poison- 
ous to taste. I recollect an instance where a would- 



APRIL AND MAY. 23 

be young botanist, ignorantly mistaking trillium for 
Indian turnip, chewed a bit of the root and gave 
some to the young lady accompanying him in his 
walk ; the consequences were rather serious, and the 
young people soon had occasion to consult the nearest 
physician. 

Star-Flower. The tm J star-flower may be readily 
Trientalis found in woods that border the pas- 

memcana. ture8 j n ^ ^\y country of our East- 
ern States. It grows in moist places besides the pur- 
ple violet ( Viola cuculata) and the foam-flower. Its 
leaf is not unlike that of the lemon verbena, but it is 
broader, and grows from the top of a short stem in 
sets of six and seven, or more, as my drawing accu- 
rately represents ; it is very shiny and delicate-look- 
ing, and of a pale yellow-green color. The perfect, 
little, starlike flowers are dainty to a fault ; they 
should be studied under a magnifying glass, where 
their extreme daintiness can be seen to the best ad- 
vantage. I do not think it is possible to become ac- 
quainted with the charming beauty of flower forms 
and colors without the aid of a botanist's microscope. 
It is all very well to gather wild flowers for the pur- 
pose of becoming acquainted with their family con- 
nections and interesting habits, and cast them away 
when these facts are obtained ; but this is something 
very far short of intimate acquaintance. Only the one 



24 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

who closely observes the frosty, waxy form and color 
of stamen, pistil, anther, and petal through the mag- 




Star-Flower. 



nifying glass can know anything of the fairylike 
beauty which a flower possesses. So this little star- 
flower must be seen under the glass, otherwise it 
would be passed, as likely as not, for an insignificant 



APRIL AND MAY. 



25 



Foam-Flower, or 
False Mitrewort. 

Tiarella cordifolia. 




character. In Campton it is in its prime about the 
10th of May. 

The foam-flower grows ^ 
beside the little star- 
flower, and blooms 
about the same time. 
All through August and September 
we may find the fuzzy-surfaced, un- 
evenly colored green leaves of the 
plant, in shape similar to small, nar- 
row maple leaves, growing thickly on 
the forest floor near some babbling 
brook. Years ago, when a boy, the 
symmetrical leaves attracted my eye, 
and I carried a number of the plants 
from the White Mountains to my 
home in Brooklyn, where they were 
planted in the back yard. 
Here they flourished fair- 
ly well, and I first be- 
came acquainted with the 
fuzzy little blossoms in 
the following spring. Al- 
though there is nothing 
especially attractive in the 
flower, it is dainty, and 
common enough in the Foam-Flower. 




26 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



wooded hills of New Hampshire to command our 

attention. It is nearly related to the true mitre wort, 

and has a somewhat similar appearance. Its flower 

stem rises about eight inches above the ground. 

The mitrewort, or Bishop's cap, is 
Mitrewort, or ' ... 

Bishop's Cap. a pt to be found growing beside its 

Miteiia diphyiia, false-named relative; and if we are 

and nuda. 

lortunate enough to lind the two to- 
gether, there will be a fine opportunity for compari- 
son, as the flowers are altogether 
different in construction ; this 
will easily be seen if we pa- 
tiently examine each under 
a glass. The starlike blos- 
som of the true mitre- 
wort is fringed in a 
remarkable manner, 
reminding one of the 
conventional rays sur- 
rounding the five- 
pointed figure of a 
star. The flowers of 
M. nuda grow sparse- 
ly on an upright stalk 
about four or five 
inches high ; they are 
Miteiia nuda. small and greenish 




APRIL AND MAY. 27 

white. M. diphylla is a taller plant, bearing a greater 
number of white flowers. The names for the false 
and true mitre worts, Tiarella and Mitella, have a 
perfectly evident origin ; the seed pods look like tiny 
bishops' mitres. I can hardly agree with Gray, who 
speaks of the Tiarella thus : " Name, diminution of 
tiara, a turban, not very appropriate." The word 
tiara for centuries has been applied to a crown, par- 
ticularly to a bishop's crown, which was cleft from 
side to side ; the Asiatic turban has little to do with 
the case. The ancient tiara was a round, high cap 
encompassed by three crowns added by the popes. 
The King of Persia wore a tiara-shaped crown, 
adorned with gold and jewels. The word mitre, 
synonymous with tiara, applies to the pope's triple 
coronet, the badge of his civic dignity as distin- 
guished from his ecclesiastical rank which the keys 
represent. With these facts in view, the Tiarella is 
certainly well named. My drawing of the Mitella 
nuda was made from a specimen found in the woods 
of Vermont in early summer. 

The flower of the white baneberry is 
fuzzy and white like the foam-flower, 

Actcea alba. •' 

but not particularly interesting. It 
is seen in May. The berries, which appear in late 
summer, are far more apt to attract notice ; they are 
waxy white, with a purple-black spot, and ovate in 



28 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

shape ; the stems which bear the fruit are very thick, 
and turn red when the berries are fully ripe. The 
baneberry is a very familiar object in the moist, rich 
woods of the White Mountains. 

Black Snakeroot. I ou g ht not to P ass a near relative 

Cimidfuga of the white baneberry, called black 

racemosa. ^keroot, or bugbane (Cimicifuga 

racemosa). This blooms in summer, and its tall 




Fruit of the 
Baneberry. 



Baneberry. 

spikes of fine white flowers appear better than they 
smell. The Latin name means, to drive away bugs ; 



APRIL AND MAY. 



29 



but, strange as it may seem, the plant has become 
useful in a far better way : it is quite efficacious in 
driving away neuralgic rheumatism, and doctors pre- 
scribe an extract of the root for that purpose. 

Although the wintergreen flowers as 

Wintergreen, or ° 

Checkerberry. late as July, its dark green, roundish 
Gauitheria leaves and bright scarlet berries are 

procumbens. . . 

laminar objects in the woods in spring 
when there is little that is green scattered over the 
woodland floor to hide 
the pretty shiny plant 
from view. The ber- 
ries grow so plenti- 
ful in southeastern 
Massachusetts that 
they are picked and 
brought to Boston, 
where they may be 
found for sale in 
many of the fruit 
stores. The berries 
remain on the ever- 
green plants all win- 
ter ; in spring they are found in plenty on the 
foothills of the "White Mountains. The flower is 
tiny and waxlike, and tastes as strongly aromatic as 
the berry does. 




Wintergreen, or Checkerberry. 



30 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Flowering The flowering win- 

in ergreen, ^ergreen, a delicate 
or Fringed ° 

Polygala. little plant, is no 

Polygala paucifolia. re lative of the 

checkerberry ; the latter belongs to 
the Heath family, and the former to 
the Polygala family. The flower- 
ing wintergreen bears a conspicuous 
crimson-pink blossom, perhaps three 
quarters of an inch long, with a 
fringed crest ; the leaves are crowded 
at the summit of the slender stem, 
and from among these the pretty 
flower looks out. The plant is 
hardly four inches high, and blos- 
soms in May and June ; the speci- 
men from which my drawing was made grew on 
the edge of the Dismal Pool in the Crawford 
Notch, K II. 




CHAPTEK III. 

MAY. 

Yellow Violet to 
Pitcher Plant. 



Yellow Violet. 

Viola pubescens. 




The yellow vio- 
let, commonly 
called the downy 
yellow violet, grows on the 
edge of the wood where sunlight 
and shadow are mixed. I am 
best acquainted with the smooth 
variety, which can be found in 
a certain locality in the Pemi- 
gewasset Valley, and is a never- 
ending source of delight to me 
in late spring. I know of no 
other spot for miles north and 
south where there is more. This particular patch 
is broad and thick, and about the 10th of May one 
may gather hundreds of blossoms without moving 
beyond a space ten yards square. I never found 



32 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

this flower, as Bryant says, "in forest bare," nor 
could I ever discover the " faint perfume " ; and, 
although the valleys of the White Mountains hold 
many a drift of snow as late as May, not a sign of 
snow is ever seen about the patch I have alluded 
to. Nor does the little flower seem to bend its 
" gentle eye " earthward. My drawing certainly tells 
the exact truth, as it was made on the spot where 
the violets grew, and was taken from a single speci- 
men. These two little yellow beauties held their 
heads pretty high — something like ten inches above 
the ground. But it is possible that the poet referred 
to the less common, earlier, and lower form of the 
yellow violet, called V. rotundifolia, whose leaves by 
midsummer measure three inches across, and whose 
early blossom resembles my downy violet. The yel- 
low of this flower is golden in character, but consid- 
erably paler than dandelion yellow, and is veined 
with brownish purple. The blossom is very small, 
and springs up from between a pair of leaves which 
start from a bare stem about eight or nine inches tall. 
The specimen which I have drawn of 
the purple violet (commonly called 

Viola cuculata. x * v J 

blue, but I prefer the truer purple) 
was gathered on the 25th of May, in a very wet spot 
not more than a hundred yards away from the yel- 
low violet patch just mentioned. It makes a great 



MAY. 



33 



difference in regard to its personal 
appearance where a flower happens 
to grow. This specimen was reared 
exactly under the most advanta- 
geous conditions for a high develop- 
ment ; the flower measured over an 
inch and a quarter in length. We 
all know that there are plenty of 
violets to be found sprinkled over 
hillside and pasture 
which do not attain 
even a moderate size ; 
but if one wishes to 
gather some really fine 
specimens, they must 
be sought in cool, 
shady dells, where the 
soil is rich and there 
is plenty of spring 

Purple Violet. 

The pronounced type of slender leaf- 
age belonging to the bird-foot vio- 
let is in astonishing contrast with the 
heart-shaped leaf which we are accustomed to associ- 
ate with violets ; this instance of unlikeness in a flow- 
er family is a demonstration of the fact that super- 
ficial appearances count for very little in botany, 




water. 

Bird-foot Violet. 

Viola pedata. 



34 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

which often finds among hidden things that which 
is essential for the establishment of scientific truth. 




Bird-foot Violet. 

Thus it is that the ovaries and stigma of the rue 
anemone {Anemonella thaUctroides), and not the 
leaf, decide that the flower is not a true anemone. 
But nothing is more attractively symmetrical in plant 
form than this particular violet's leaf ; pressed flat on 
a piece of paper, its delicate outline is an interesting 
study for one who loves the decorative side of Nature. 



MAY. 



35 



The flower is rich in blue-purple color, and some- 
times the two upper petals are a strong violet-purple. 
The little touch of orange-yellow in the center is ex- 
tremely effective. In the sandy soil of Nantucket, 
and on the borders of Buzzard's Bay, this violet 
blooms with spendthrift prodigality, its great clumps 
of light blue-purple bloom decorating the springtime 
meadows as far as the eye can reach. The blossoms 
droop sadly after being picked, but revive at once on 
being placed in a glass of 
water. I have found the 
flower in its prime in Nan- 
tucket on the 25th of May. 

Sweet White Violet. The sweet 
Viola blanda. white violet 

has the faintest and most deli- 
cate perfume imaginable. I 
should think Bryant had this 
flower in mind when he wrote 
about the yellow violet, for 
besides its " faint perfume " 
it is readily found in the 
"bare forest." The blossom 
is tiny, but extremely pretty 
under the microscope, the lower petal showing pur- 
ple striping in delicate hair lines. It is very com- 
mon in the woods of the White Mountains in May. 




Sweet White Violet. 



36 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

Solomon's Seal. Solomon's seal is easily indentified, 

Poiygonatum as it grows beside some woodland 

road in early May, by its light green 

leaves, and its long, gracefully curved stalk, from which 




Solomon's Seal 



depends on the under side a series of tiny, greenish 
or creamy- white flowers always arranged in pairs. In 
September the flowers are replaced by deep violet- 
blue berries. The charm of Solomon's seal is the 
graceful curve of its stalk ; its flowers are unattract- 
ive, and are somewhat similar in form to winter- 
green blossoms. The name had its origin in the 
pitted appearance of the root, which bears a round 
scar left by the broken-off old stalk ; this is so 
unlike the impression of a seal in shiny red wax 
that it requires the utmost stretch of imagina- 



MAY. 37 

tion to be reconciled to the questionable resem- 
blance. 

There is a great deal in pure imagination — more 
than some of us are willing to take any part in. For 
instance, who ever saw any resemblance between a 
" big dipper " and a " big 
bear " ? yet these are both 
one series of celestial, im- 
aginative outlines which are 
intimately associated with 

+hp nnrfh otor! ~Rn + SaL» Outline of Outline of Petal 

ine nOltn Star! J3UI DOJo- Dog's Tooth. of Dog's-Tooth 
, , . . Violet. 

mon's seal is a suggestive 

name, and we should not quarrel with it. As a sim- 
ilarity of outlines is suggestive, however, I would 
like to draw attention to the fact that the petal of 
the dog's-tooth violet closely resembles a canine 
tooth ; but, strangely enough, this is not the reason 
why the flower was so named, as the previous descrip- 
tion of it will explain. 
False Solomon's The ^ se Solomon's seal is in my 
ea * estimation even more beautiful than 

Smilacina racemosa. 

the true. Its spike of fine white 
flowers is like the Spircea Japonica / besides, its 
wavy, bright green leaf with the parallel veining is 
particularly graceful. Most wild flowers, like the 
true Solomon's seal, have rather insignificant blos- 
soms ; but there is nothing meager about the bloom 



38 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




Smilacina racemosa. 



MAY. 39 

of this little plant. It deserves cultivation, and, 
in truth, if it is transplanted to a position in the 
garden similar to its natural environment, it will 
flourish most satisfactorily. It is a shame that any 
aspersion of falsity should attach to it; why should 
not a plant so deserving have its own good name? 
We might as well call a Frenchman a false English- 
man ! There is such poverty displayed among names 
that we may find a Bald Knob 
and Black Mountain in nearly 
every mountain district of our 
Atlantic States. It seems as 
though our nation was lacking 
in both originality and imagina- 
tion ! The false and the true 
Solomon's seals will be found 
growing on the edge of the 
wood together; but the latter 
is a trifle earlier in bloom. S. 
racemosa has a pale reddish ber- 
ry speckled like a bird's egg. 

Smilacina stel- 

Smilacina stellata. 

lata is another 
so-called false Solomon's seal, 
which also deserves a name of smilacina steiiata. 
its own. It grows not quite as high as S. racemosa, 
and it is not so pretty. I found it thickly spread 




40 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Smilacina trifolia. 



over the bank of the Pemigewasset River, where it 
seemed to grow with more luxuriance than it did 
in the shady pasture near the wood. Its starry flow- 
ers are white, and the berries are small and black- 
purple in color. It is in its prime about the middle 
of May. 

The variety of false Solomon's seal 
named Smilacina trifolia is about 
six inches tall and has two larger lower leaves and one 
smaller upper one, which at their bases sheath the 
stem ; the few flowers which are clustered at the ter- 
mination of this stem are 
small and white. The 
plant grows in cold, wet 
places, and is common in 
some parts of the White 
Hills ; it flowers in June 
or early July. 
__ . jr Maianthe- 

Maianthemum 

Canadense, or 7RUm Can- 
Smilacina bifolia. -, 

adense is 
still another but smaller 
false Solomon's seal. This 
delicate little character, 
growing not much over 
five inches high, fairly car- 
pets the thinner woods where they adjoin the pas 




Maianthemum Canadense. 



MAY. 



41 



ture. The leaves are bright green, but the short 
raceme of flowers is rather insignificant. The flow- 




Clintonia borealis. 



42 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

ers are in their prime about the latter end of May 
in the North. The little spike of translucent, red- 
dish berries is seen in the latter end of summer. 

Clintonia borealis is a pretty little 

Clintonia borealis. 

pale straw-yellow lily whose only 
fault, it seems to me, lies in its weak and uncertain 
coloring. Sometimes the half-matured flowers look 
decidedly green, again the full flower appears a deep 
cream-color. If the horticulturists could only force 
it into a good white and increase its size, there might 
be a future before our dainty Clintonia. The flower 
was named for the- Governor of New York, for what 
reason nobody knows. Its green leaf is smooth and 
shiny, and about the same in shape, color, and char- 
acter as that of the lily-of -the- valley. Perhaps the 
color of the mature flower might more exactly be 
called a pale, dull Naples yellow. The flower is in 
bloom about the end of May northward, and can be 
found in moist rich woods. The berries are seen in 
late August ; they are a beautiful Antwerp-blue color. 

Jack-in-the-pulpit is a happy-looking 

J 8.CK-lH-tn6-ir Ulpitj 

or Indian Turnip, flower — if a flower can be said to look 
Arisaima na ppy — and its striped suit reminds 

triphyllum. 

one of the conventional, funny circus 
clown. It is too bad to make such a comparison ; 
but I must let it stand, because there are few other 
flowers (at least wild flowers) which are so suggest- 



MAY. 



43 




Fruit of Jack-in- 

the-Pulpit. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. 

ively humorous. Certainly, the poet who wrote the 
verses about Jack in Lilliput Levee found something 
delightfully fresh and sprightly in his character. 

What is particularly boyish about this plant is 
the odd way it hides the prettily striped suit of 



44 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

brown-purple and white beneath its panoply of six 
gay green leaves. It reminds one of some little eight- 
year-old romper peeping out from behind a door, just 
a bit shy because he has nice clean clothes on. Jack 
is rarely seen at a careless glance — he is mostly hid- 
den beneath the six leaves — and we have actually to 
take hold of him in order to investigate his novel 
clothing. The pretty little brown club inside the 
spathe reminds one of a miniature Bologna sausage ; 
the way the top of the flower hangs over the cup sug- 
gests a wallet with perhaps some gold inside ; but 
that is the pity of it, there is no gold there ! All the 
yellow metal belongs to Jack's cousin, the spotless 
white calla. This is the only thing about Jack which 
we can find fault with ; he might have pleased us bet- 
ter with a little gold in his pocket. However, in late 
summer he leaves behind him a cluster of splendid 
scarlet berries like my sketch. 

Some of the plants have pale green flowers with 
whitish stripes, while others are extremely dark in 
coloring. I have found a few of the lightest specimens 
in a pasture where there was plenty of sunlight, but 
the darkest ones seem to grow beside a wet, springy 
dell, within a stone's throw of my cottage. It would 
not seem springtime to me if there was not at least one 
Jack in a majolica jar in my studio. The plant flow- 
ers in May and early June. The root has a sharp, 



MAY. 45 

stingy taste, without a reminder of turnip about it. 
There are plenty of Jack-in-the-Pulpits to be found 
in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Staten Island, or, in 
fact, almost any wet, shady place. 




Pitcher Plant. 

Pitcher Plant. The odd, tubular-shaped leaves of 
Sarracenia purpurea, the pitcher plant deserve close at- 



46 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

tention. It is said that the decomposed insects which 
we may find at the bottom of the "pitchers" con- 
tribute to the nourishment of the plant. Inside of the 
leaves there is a sweet secretion which attracts insects ; 
after they crawl in through the mouth, escape is well- 
nigh impossible, as the hairy sides of the tube impede 
their flight and render the walking anything but easy. 
The flowers are oddly colored with green and brown- 
ish purple, and come to maturity about the end of May 
and the beginning of June. The plant is always found 
in boggy places where the sunshine is partly obscured ; 
and with this environment, it must be admitted, its 
appearance is rather uncanny. 



CHAPTER IY. 

MAY AND JUNE. 
Robin's Plantain to Cranberry. 

Robin's Plantain. The robin's 
Erigeron bellldif alius. plantain fe a 

deceptive-looking character ; it 
is easily mistaken for an aster. 
The yellow center, the blue- 
purple rays, and the size and 
shape of the flowers remind 
one of the autumn flower which 
has prematurely come into 
bloom. Of course, it is a near 
relative of the aster, but its ap- 
pearance is marked by a great 
many differences. It grows 
about a foot high ; sometimes 
less, sometimes more. The 
large leaves I have drawn at 
the foot of the plant frequent- 
ly lie prone on the ground. 

47 




Robin's Plantain. 



48 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



There is a hairy look to stem and flower, which is 

not altogether aster-like ; the leaves are small and 

far between, and the stem is thick and juicy. The 

flowers come about the 1st of June, and are seen in 

plenty beside the road and in damp places. 

Of all the dainty, tiny flowers that 
Bluets. 
Tr , ■ j bloom in late spring, the little bluets 

Houstonia coerulea. r °' 

is perhaps the daintiest. What is 
satisfactory, too, about the flower is the fact that it 
does not shut up and wilt immediately after being 
picked. It is such an attractive 
little thing that Mr. W. Atlee Bur- 
pee, the horticulturist, has intro- 
duced it to the public as a culti- 
vated garden flower. The flower 
is barely half an inch across ; it 
is a simple-looking, four-rayed co- 
rolla, sometimes white, but oftener 
pale-purplish blue, with a dainty 
spot of golden yellow around its 
eye. In Campton the roadsides 
and meadows are starred all over 
with little bunches of this dainty 
gem. From the middle of May to the end of June 
the flower continues to bloom in sunshine and 
shadow ; in fact, it grows everywhere except in the 
dark, wild forest. The flower was named for Dr. 




Bluets. 



MAY AND JUNE. 



49 



Houston, an English physician, who was interested 
in the flora of Mexico. 

Blue-eyed Grass. 1 ou g ht to have said blue-eyed grass 
iSisyrincMum was the only flower daintier than 

bluets, if one is to speak from his 
own point of view ; yet this is hardly fair, because 
the blue-eyed grass is a bolder and 
larger flower, just reminding one of 
a violet. Unfortunately, it shuts up 
at once on being picked, and unless 
there is plenty of sunlight it refuses 
to open its eye at all ; its color is 
purplish ultramarine blue, darker to- 
ward the center, where there is a 
touch of pure gold. There is a curi- 
ous notch in each one of the six di- 
visions of the perianth, from which 
protrudes a little point, in shape like 
a thorn. The leaves are narrow, 
and look like blue Kentucky grass. 
The flower stands about ten inches 
high, and is generally shut in the 
afternoon ; sometimes there are three 
buds on a stalk, but I never found 
more than one open at a time. The flower grows 
in clumps on the meadow, in the pasture, and at 
the edge of the wood, but generally in moist places. 




Blue-eyed Grass. 



50 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

I have transplanted it successfully to the grounds in 
front of my cottage, where it flourishes and spreads 
from year to year. It reaches its prime about the 1st 
of June. It is a relative of the iris. 
Yellow Star-grass. Star-grass is a pretty little yellow 
Hypoxys erecta. flower with apparently six pointed 
petals (in reality the six divisions of the perianth), 
which blooms almost anywhere (in the meadows) in 
May and June. The flower stem, about six inches 
tall, terminates in two or three flowers as broad as 
a nickel, perhaps one in full bloom and two others 
in bud. The outside of the flower is greenish ; the 
leaves are grasslike and hairy. It belongs to the 
Amaryllis family, and is closely related to the nar- 
cissus. 

Common Cinquefoil. The very common cinquefoil is 
Potentuia Canadensis. f oun( i beside the country high- 
ways and by-ways, and in pasture, meadow, and 
woodland. It is so often mistaken for a yellow- 
flowered strawberry that I must at once show the 
difference. Notice in my drawing of the strawber- 
ry that the stems of the leaves are hairy ; the 
stems of our cinquefoil are brown and as sharp and 
clean as a piano wire. Also notice that the cin- 
quefoil has five leaves, or rather divisions of a 
leaf, and the strawberry has three ; the latter little 
plant never goes beyond a three-divisioned leaf, but 



MAY AND JUNE. 



51 



devotes all the rest of its strength to strawberries. 
Furthermore, there is only one yellow-flowered straw- 
berry {Fragaria Indica), and this is not very com- 
mon ; I found it once in Staten 
Island some years ago, and 
have not seen it since. The 
common cinquefoil blooms 
from June to September. But 
there is a three-leaved cinque- 
foil, and, for the sake of com- 
parison, I have carefully drawn 
it. 
Norway Cinqu8foil. The Norway 

Potentilla Norvegica- cillQUefoil is 

a tall branching plant with a 
leaf of three divisions and a 
very hairy appearance. It has 
a yellow flower similar to P. 
Canadensis ; but, after all, the 
similarity is slight if 
my drawings are care- 
fully compared. I 
found this plant bloom- 
ing in early August 
within three feet of 
my studio window ; it 
did not seem to be in common cinquefoii. 




52 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




any of the fields in the 
same vicinity. The shrub- 
by cinquefoil (P. fru- 
ticosa) is common in 
wet grounds northward, 
grows about three feet 
high, and has five to 
seven leaflets and loose 
^ clusters of yellow flowers 
similar in character to 
those of the common va- 



Norway Cinquefoil. 



riety. 

Wild Strawberry. 

Fragaria 

Virqiniana. 

ry IS SO 

well known that it scarce- 



Our wild 
strawber- 



ly needs mention here. It grows luxuriantly in 
pasture and wood in the foothills of the White 
Mountains. I never pick the berries on the hill- 
sides — and, I must confess, fight the mosquitoes at 
the same time — without thinking of the 
" Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan, 



With thy red lip, redder still 
Kissed by strawberries on the hill. 



Whittier does not say a word about the bare legs 
and mosquitoes. In the hills of New Hampshire, 



MAY AND JUNE. 



53 




Wild Strawberry. 



at least, the mosquito and the wild strawberry are 
inseparable ! 

The little flower called moss pink is 
common in some parts of New York 
and New Jersey, and in the vicinity 
of Philadelphia in May and early June the hill- 
sides are stained crimson with the pretty flower. I 
found a thick patch of it in the Pemigewasset Val- 



Moss Pink. 

Phlox suoulata. 



54 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

ley, but confined to one locality. It seems certain 
that it spread and ran wild from a cemetery in the 
vicinity, where a certain lot is noticeably covered 
with it. The plant flourishes in some parts of Cen- 





Moss Pink. Moss Pink in Buds. 

tral Park, and it only needs a hint of transplanting 
to run wild over everything in the neighborhood 
where it is placed. The stems are low and creep- 
ing, as my sketches show ; altogether the moss pink 
has a mossy look, and is well named. 
Wild Columbine. The scar ^ e t and yellow columbine is 
Aquiiegia one of our most beautiful wild flow- 

ers. It is my experience that certain 
flowers have favorite haunts which are exclusively 
held by them year after year, without a shadow of 
change. There are three spots I know of in the pas- 
ture land of Campton where the pretty columbine 
may always be found ; a search for the flower any- 



MAY AND JUNE. 



55 




Wild Columbine. 



56 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

where else for two miles around has always proved 
useless. Nothing is daintier or more beautiful than 
the color effect of this graceful blossom among the 
gray rocks of a hillside pasture. The flower is in its 
prime about the 1st of June, and is nearly always 
found beside some lichen-covered rock in the com- 
pany of young, velvety mullein leaves which have 
just pushed themselves above ground. 
Moccason Flower. The P ink moccason flower is anoth- 
Cypripedium er one of those exclusive characters 

acau e. ^j^ p re f ers the limitations of some 
moist and shady locality ; it can not be found, as the 
violet is, under a variety of conditions. The flower 
is very handsome ; in fact, it does not look like an 
ordinary wild flower, but rather like an expensive, 
cultivated orchid. I never found it, as Gray sug- 
gests, under evergreens, but among the withered 
leaves that lie under birch, beech, poplar, and maple. 
But this is a matter of individual experience which 
may be added to some other quite different ones ; it 
only points to the fact that Nature is not always 
regular in her habits. The point of beauty in the 
flower is its crimson-pink pouch or sac, which is 
delicately veined with a deeper pink, and its purplish 
brown and green sepals and petals. The two light- 
green leaves are parallel-ribbed, but otherwise in 
appearance are like those of the lily-of-the-valley. 



MAY AND JUNE. 



57 




Cypripedium acaule. 



58 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




Cypripedium parviflorum. 



The plant flowers in 
early June. The name 
Cypripedium in English 
would be Venus's slip- 
per. 

Yellow The small- 

lady's Slipper. 

n . ,. er yellow 

parviflorum. lady's slip- 
per, sister to the flower 
just described, is found 
in similar situations 
where the ground is 
moist, and has the ad- 
dition of a slight per- 
fume. The sac is small, 
and is a deep-toned yel- 
low ; the sepals are a 
sienna brown. Another 
larger yellow variety (C. 
puhescens), one of our 
commonest orchids, has a 
lighter-colored sac, and 
is without perfume ; but 
I consider the smaller 
variety more beautiful. 
The time of flowering 
for both is early summer. 



MAY AND JUNE. 



59 



Snake's Mouth. The snake ' s mouth is a P rett ^ little 
Pogonia orchid of a most deli- 

ophioqlossoides. , • i i 

1 J cate pure pmk color, 

which may be found in swampy places 
if one does not mind getting the feet 
wet — no swamp, no snake's mouth ; 

that is my experience. 

The prettily formed lit- 
tle flower has a sweet 

smell, is about an inch 

long, or less, and should 

be examined under a 

glass. It blooms in 

June. 

Galopogon The Colo- 

pulchellus. pogonpn l- 

chellus belongs to the 
same family group 
{Orchis) as the mocca- 
son flower, arethusa, 
and snake's mouth ; in- 
deed, the latter is its 
boon companion ; the 
tSft two are most likely to 

be found in each other's 
company. The flower 
snaked mouth. is a beautiful crimson 




Calopogon pul- 
chellus. 



60 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

pink, and its lip is bearded with white, yellow, and 
crimson blunt-tipped hairs; its leaf is narrow and 
grasslike. It may be found in wet bogs during the 
early summer. Prof. Goodale says, comparing the 
moccason flower with the Calopogon: "The labellum 
in Calojpogon appears to be upside down, while that 
of the moccason flower is properly pendent ; but the 
fact is, it is only by a twist in the ovary, or perhaps 
in the pedicel, that the latter flower has assumed this 
position." But unerring Nature does not do any- 
thing wrong end up, and both flowers appear stand- 
ing on their feet ! 

Late in spring the purple azalea will 
Purple Azalea, or . 

Pinxter Flower, he found in swampy places in the 

Rhododendron East, and its lovely crimson-pink 

nudiflorwn. . , . * „ . . .. 

color is a charming toil for the pale- 
green tints of May which the French artist Corot de- 
lighted in painting. The wild azalea 
and the rhododendron are likely to 
be somewhat confused in our minds, 
so I must draw attention to some dis- 
tinguishing differences. The true 
azaleas have deciduous leaves, and the 
rhododendrons have evergreen leaves. 
The azaleas are characterized by a 
funnel-shaped tube with an irregular edge ; there are 
about five stamens in each tube, while the rhododen- 




MAY AND JUNE. 



61 



dron, as a rule, has double that number. The flow- 
ers of the azalea appear with or precede the leaves ; 
the rhododendron flowers later, in early summer, and 
usually grows on the mountain side. Emerson's 
rhodora {Rhododendron rhodora) is a low-growing 
shrub about two feet high, 
with hardly any other superfi- 
cial appearance to distinguish 
it from R. nudiflorum, except 
it be the superiority of its ma- 
genta-pink color, its small co- 
rolla which is three-lobed above 
and two-lipped below, and its 
shorter stamens. I never was 
fortunate enough to find either 
of these varieties in New 
Hampshire among the hills. 
In Massachusetts both are quite common. The strik- 
ing resemblance of the rhodora to honeysuckle will 
be at once perceived ; but they are not related to 
each other. 

The rhododendron is not so common 
in our Eastern States ; it is far more 
plentiful among the Alleghany Moun- 
tains, where it grows luxuriantly un- 
der the softened light of the half-lit woods. It is 
evidently too cold for the shrub in the woods of the 




Rhodora. 



Great Laurel, or 
Rhododendron. 

Rhododendron 

maximum 



62 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

White Mountains, where the thermometer frequent- 
ly registers 30° below zero. Gray's description of 




Rhododendron (Great Laurel). 



the flower is sufficiently simple for any one to un- 
derstand : " Pale rose, or nearly white corolla, one 
inch broad, greenish in the throat, on the upper side 
more or less spotted with yellow or else reddish." 
But the cultivated flowers bloom (in great clusters) in 
the Public Garden of Boston, in magenta and pinkish- 
white tints, and attain a size of over an inch and a half 



MAY AND JUNE. 



63 



in diameter.* The leaves hold their olive-green color 
all winter. The time of flowering is early summer. 
Cranberry, Large. The lar g e cranberry grows in boggy 
Vaccimum places from New Jersey to Maine, 

c and may be found in bloom in early 

summer. The berry is ripe 
in early autumn ; the finest 
one is dark red in color, and 
comes from the boggy districts 
of Cape Cod. Nantucket also 
has its cranberry bogs, and the 
season of picking is quite an 
important event for the island- 
ers. The plant is small, the 
wiry stems usually reaching a 
length of about eight or nine 
inches ; but sometimes they 
develop a length of two feet 
or more. It is curious to find 
that such totally different-look- 
ing plants as the rhododen- 
dron and the cranberry are 
relatives ; they belong to the 

Heath family. Cranberry. 




* The cultivated varieties (hybrids), arise generally from R. 
Catawbiense, R. Rofiticum, and the tender R. arboreum of the 



Himalayas. 



CHAPTEE V. 

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 
Rattlesnake- Plantain to Indian Poke. 

Rattlesnake-Plantain. The rattle- 
Goodyerapubescens. gnake . plan . 

tain is a most interest- 
ing character. Its pe- 
culiar wavy-edged, dark- 
green leaves are covered 
with a network of fine 
white lines. The flow- 
ers are small, white, and 
waxy-looking, and the 
leaves are circled below 
in a rosette figure ; they 
are evergreen. In win- 

Rattlesnake-PIautain. n 

ter one may find the lit- 
tle plant nestled in some out-of-the-way woodland 
nook, where it would not so easily be discovered in 
summer. It flowers in July. Another variety (G. 
repens) is smaller, and flowers in a loose, one-sided 
spike ; this is common in the White Mountains. 

G4 




MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 



05 



Arethusa. Aretliusa is an elu- 

ArUhusa bullosa. ^ n jmph Qf ^^ 

wliereabouts one is never quite cer- 
tain. As I have searched for and 
found the flower only within the 
White Mountain district, it may be 
without my knowledge a familiar 
object in other parts of the country. 
But I know of only two wet, boggy 
spots where it grows, and half the 
time I do not succeed in capturing 
it even in these locations. Certainly 
it is one of the loveliest of our or- 
chids, and is well worth a tiresome 
search and inevitably wet feet. The 
slim stem is about eight inches high, 
and the pretty crimson-pink flower, 
in profile, reminds one of a hand 
with the five fingers held loosely 
upward. The time of flowering is 
late spring and early summer, but I 
have found a specimen as late as the 
1st of August. 

Fringed-Orchis. I should call the Arethusa. 

Habenaria fimbriate fl owers f the fringed-orchis ma- 
genta pink, though undoubtedly they may present 
some variations of this hue. It is a very beautiful 



66 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




Fringed Orchis. 



plant, and consequently at- 
tracted the attention and ad- 
miration of the eccentric 
Henry D. Thoreau, who 
speaks of it as a beauty 
" who has never strayed be- 
yond the convent bell." 
His remark, it seems to me, 
applies rather to Arethusa, 
who is certainly much more 
of a recluse ; but in A 
Week on the Concord and 
Merrimac Rivers he says, 
" Nature seemed to have 
adorned herself for our de- 
parture with a profusion of 
fringes and curls, mingled 
with the bright tints of 
flowers." Now, this orchis 
is the very perfection of 
Nature's fringing in bright 
flower tints, and in my 
mind Thoreau's words some- 
how connect themselves 
with this lovely flower. It 
blooms in wet meadows in 
early summer. There are 



MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 



67 



three other orchises common in the foothills of the 
White Mountains — H. psycodes, small but sweet- 
scented magenta flow- 
ers; H. lacera, home- 
ly pale greenish flow- 
ers ; and IT. virescens, 
a spike of dull green- 
ish flowers ; these 
have been found in 
bloom in more or less 
wet ground from June 
20th to July 24th. 

« *.- The showy orchis, 
Showy Orchis. ,; 

OrcUs Gray says, is the only 

spectabilis. true orchig we ] iave . 

It is a pretty flower, the upper 
part purplish pink, and the lower 
lip white ; there are few blossoms 
on a stem — not more than three 
or four. The two leaves are not Showy 0rchi 
unlike those of the lily-of-the-valley. The flower 
seems to me rather rare, as I have found but few 
specimens in the woods of the White Mountains. It 
generally grows in rich black soil made up of de- 
cayed leaves, and seems to prefer the deep and 
shady forest. Its time of flowering is May and 
June. 




68 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



The golden senecio, or ragwort, has 
Bagwort. a delightfully bright color which illu- 

Senecio aureus. ,\ i -i , ■. r, 

mines the meadows where the flower 
happens to grow with an amber light such as we 
may see in some of the paintings of the old mas- 
ter, Claude Lorraine. There 
is something very beautiful 
in this mixture of golden yel- 
low w r ith the misty - toned 
green of the meadows in 
July when the senecio is in 
full bloom. The flower re- 
sembles an aster in form, but 
the leaves have an individu- 
ality of their own ; they are 
also variable in type ; per- 
haps the commonest leaf is 
heart-shaped. The plant gets 
its name from its hairy ap- 
pearance (certain of the species have a cottony look), 
or from the downy effect of the flower head when 
it has passed the period of bloom. Thoreau says 
in his journal, July 2d : "I see the dowmy heads of 
the senecio gone to seed, thistlelike, but small. The 
Gnaphaliums" (everlasting flowers) "and this are 
among the earliest to present this appearance." The 
word senecio is derived from senex, an old man, and 




Golden Senecio. 



MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 



69 



the flower at this period, in my opinion, merits this 
appropriate name. The plant attains a height of 
from one to three feet. 
Shin-Leaf. The eupho- 

Pyrola elliptica. nious nftme 

shin-leaf was tacked on the 
pretty Pyrola for a reason 
which one may readily 
guess ; — the leaves were 
used as a cure for bruises. 
From the days of my early 
youth the name " shin-plas- 
ter" has been familiar as 
it mast be to every New 
York boy of some years 
ago. I remember that my 
father called court-plaster, 
or in fact anything of the 
kind, without discrimina- 
tion, either shin-plaster or 
sticking plaster. So the 
pretty flower suffers by rea- 
son of an old custom. The 
Pyrola grows about six 
inches high, is found in woody dells, or damp, shady 
byw T ays, and flowers in June and July. Its leaves 
are olive-green, and the blossoms are greenish white. 




Pyrola. 



70 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Pipsissewa. 

Chimaphila 

umbellata, 



The pipsissewa is a sweet-scented lit- 
tle woodland flower, which is common 
in all dry, sandy soils. I have found 
it plentiful in the famous "Pine'' district of New 
Jersey, in Saddle Kiver Valley in the same State, and 

in the pine woods 
of New Hamp- 
shire. The flow- 
ers are waxy and 
flesh - colored, and 
the leaves are 
shiny olive-green ; 
they keep their 
color even in win- 
ter. It flowers in 
June and July. 
There is a variety, 
common in the 
White Mountains, 
with white-spotted 
leaves toothed on 
the edge like a saw. 
This is named C. 
inaculata. It is interesting to examine the blossoms 
under a magnifying glass, w T here the beauty of the 
frosty pink flower with its purple anthers will prove 
quite a revelation. 




Pipsissewa. 



MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 



71 




Yellow Wood-Sorrel. The little yellow wood- 

OxaUs striata. ^^ [& extremely 

common in meadow, woodland, and pas- 
ture, and the tiny clover-like leaf may be 
recognized anywhere snuggling in the 
grass from May to October. The flower 
is rather insignificant, and of a pale but- 
tercup yellow. 

White Wood-Sorrel. The crimson - veined 
Oxalis Acetoseiia. w^hite wood - sorrel is 
quite a different character, and is alto- 
gether lovely. Each of the five white oxaiis stricta. 
petals are veined with about half a dozen delicate 
red lines, which give the flower a decorative appear- 
ance ; in fact, I have often used it in 
decorative designs where delicate color- 
ing was employed. Fra Angelico and 
Sandro Botticelli painted this flower in 
the foregrounds of their pictures, and 
it is evident that it looked the same 
over four hundred years ago as it does 
to-day. All around the edge of Profile 
Lake in the Franconia Notch this pret- 
ty flower can be found about the end 
of June and the first of July. It likes 
the damp woodland best, and can be 
found on many of the White Moun- 




Oxalis 

Acetoseiia. 



72 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

tains at an altitude of two thousand feet. Some 
people mistake the flower for an anemone ; but so 
pronounced a cloverlike leaf is enough to upset any 
such random conjecture. The flower stem, which 
grows about three inches high, bears but one blossom. 
Sheep Sorrel. Sheep sorrel is a 
Bumex Acetoseiia. wretch of a weed, 
which will flourish in sandy or 
sterile ground, and is the bane of 
the farmer who tries to raise clover 
for his cattle. Sorrel seed is so 
much like clover seed that the 
two get mixed up sometimes, to 
the utter discouragement of the 
farmer. I think the plant ought 
to be called farmer's - bane. It 
belongs to the Buckwheat family, 
and so can claim no relationship 
with wood sorrel, which belongs to 
the Geranium family. I have seen 
a whole field as ruddy-looking as 
though it were filled with honest, 
ripe buckwheat, yet the pretty ter- 
sheep sorrel. ra _ co tta color was produced by the 
flowering of this miserable sheep sorrel. The weed 
is so common everywhere that my drawing is suffi- 
cient without further description for its identification. 




MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 



73 



Blue Flag. The larger blue flag grows in the 

ins versicolor. 8wam p f SO me rich meadow, or be- 
side the sluggish stream, and shows its lovely vari- 
egated, blue-violet flowers in June or early July. 
The charm of the iris 
lies in the delicate rich 
veining of the pale pur- 
ple-blue petal, or, cor- 
rectly speaking, larger 
perianth division ; for 
the iris, or fleur-de-lis, 
is a tube-shaped flower 
like the morning-glory, 
and has no petals. Un- 
der the microscope its 
coloring is marvelons- 
]y beautiful ; the bold 
staining of the waxlike 
lips, the soft gradation 
of yellow and white, 
and the rich purple 
veining are glorious be- 
yond description. No 
wonder the handsome, 
decorative flower at- 
tracted the early atten- 
tion of a Frenchman, 




74 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

although how and when still remain historically un- 
certain ; but as early as the time of Charles TV 
the fleur-de-lis began to appear on the banners of 
France. I have drawn the conventional form of 
the flower, so our wild specimen may be compared 
with it. However, the French emblem was copied 
from a cultivated species whose inner perianth di- 
visions were large and stood in a nearly perpen- 
dicular position ; our wild specimen lacks this im- 
portant climax to its beauty, and slightly resembles 
the Kmrvpferi (Japanese) iris, which is quite flat 
in figure. The iris is admirably adapted to decora- 
tive design, and the wonder is that some of our 
artistic young ladies who are so skillful with the 
needle do not employ it oftener in embroidery ; 
the opportunity here for a charming harmony of 
blues and greens is immeasurable. Blue wild flow- 
ers are not plentiful, and the perpetuation in our 
memories of this one seems to me especially de- 
sirable. 

There is a slender blue flag (J. Yirginica), with 
very narrow leaves, which is also common in swamps. 
It must be remembered that blue flag is not Calamus, 
although the latter is called sweet flag ; this belongs 
to the Arum family, and is therefore a relation of 
Jack-in-the-pulpit. Its botanical name is Acorus 
Calamus. 



MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 



75 



Arrow-head. 

Sagittaria variabilis. 



The little water plant called arrow- 
head blooms in summer beside 

streamlets and good-sized rivers, where it chooses a 

locality of a secluded and muddy 

nature ; consequently it is rather 

inaccessible. It is too beautiful, 

though, to neglect on account of 

its surroundings ; the extreme 

delicacy of its three-petaled blos- 
som can scarcely be equaled by 

any other wild flower. It is well 

adapted to decorative design, and 

one of the handsomest effects of 

coloring may be produced in silk 

embroidery by representing the 

beautiful leaf in various shades 

of green on a water-blue ground, 

with the graceful, white flower- 
spikes plentifully woven in be- 
tween the leaves. 

Sabbatia. One of our most 

Sabbatia cMoroides. beautiful Eastern 

wild flowers is Sabbatia chloroi- 

des ; its corolla is magenta-pink, 

and commonly has eight divisions. 

It frequents the edges of ponds, 

and blooms in summer. 



76 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Sundrops,or The evening - primrose is a four- 
Evening-Primrose, petaled, pale-yellow flower which 
(Enothera pumiia. one ma y generally find on the road- 
side in early summer, or later. The variety (E. 
pumiia I find very common on the meadows of 
Campton in June. I have drawn 
a small piece of the plant, to show 
what is the general appearance of 
the flowers ; they are small and 
not nearly so pretty as the blos- 
soms of the later-blooming variety 
we most often meet beside the 
road. 




Evening-Primrose. 

(Enothera biennis. 



The larger even- 



ig - primrose is 
common beside the road and in 
the pasture. It has a very lovely, 
pale, pure yellow blossom without 
a trace of orange on its petal. 
The peculiarity of this flower is 
that it opens about sunset, gives 

Sundrops. Qut ft Mnt per f umej and t ] ien 

when broad daylight returns looks limp and with- 
ered ; this is true also of the charming Nicotiana 
affinis (tobacco). Of course, on cloudy days the 
primrose looks in better condition ; but its only fault 
lies in its frailty. As a garden flower it is satisfac- 



MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 



77 



tory just as portulaca is ; but 
neither the evening-primrose 
nor the bright-hued portu- 
laca are satisfactory flowers 
to pick. The tall, straight- 
stemmed plant has an aver- 
age height of three feet. It 
blooms all summer. 

Wild Geranium. The wild £ e " 
Geranium ranium, which 

the Jingiisn 
usually call wild cranesbill, is 
a pale purple flower about as 
delicate in character as the 
evening-primrose ; some bot- 
anists do not hesitate to call 
its color pink. But Gray is 
right — it is light purple. I 
found it growing by the road- 
side, its dainty purple flow- 
ers in company with the yel- 
low blossoms of the pretty 
cinquefoil. The plant grows 
about fifteen inches high ; 
its leafage is light green, with 
portions spotty and brownish- 
looking, and the unopened 




Evening-Primrose. 



78 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

green buds are quite fuzzj. Under a magnifying 
glass the flowers are very beautiful ; the tiny anthers, 




Wild Geranium. 



instead of being the usual orange-color, are peacock- 
blue. Seen through the microscope, this blue pollen 
is quite a curiosity. The plant is in its prime in 
early June. 



MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 79 

Herb Robert. Tliere is an °ther variety of the ge- 
Geranium ranium called herb Robert (G. Ro- 

Bobertianum. heHianum y Thig {q ^ CQmmQnj 

and blossoms in June, continuing through the sum- 
mer. The flowers are nearly magenta color — that is, 
a deep purple, brownish crimson. The stems of the 
plant are ruddy. 

T ,. ... About the end of May or the begin- 

Indian Poke, or J fe 

False White ning of June large masses of light 

Hellebore. g reen? corrugated leaves are seen in 

Veratrum vxride. 

the hollows of the meadow, which 
have a tropical look. This plant is the Indian poke, 
and we learn from the farmers that it is poisonous ; 
sheep and pigs have been killed by eating the leaves. 
Gray says the roots yield the acrid poisonous veratrin. 
A Campton farmer told me that in his boyhood he 
innocently fed his father's pigs with some of the 
plants, and on the following morning they were found 
" stone dead." The leaves bear a distant resemblance 
to those of the Funkia (a relative of the poisonous 
plant) ; but beyond its leaves it does not interest us ; 
the green flowers are borne on a weedy, pyramidal 
spike. In later summer the whole plant withers, 
blackens, and disappears. We are reminded of the 
ungodly man in David's psalm : 

" I went by, and lo, he was gone : I sought him, 
but his place could nowhere be found." 



CHAPTER VI. 

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 
Hobble-bush to Phlox. 

Hobble-bush '^ HE bobble-bush is a very familiar 
Viburnum object of the summer season in the 

lantanoides. ^ qq ^ of ^ ^^^ Mountains# Q n 

the slopes of Mount Osceola, in Waterville, the bush 
occupies whole acres of ground, and as a forest under- 




Hobble-bush. 



growth scarcely twenty inches high, its round ovate 
leaves and hydrangealike flowers form an ideally dec- 
orative feature of the woods in May. In August the 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 81 

bushes are quite as beautiful when the blossoms are 
replaced by the coral-red berries ; and they are the 
cheery companions of my long tramps through the 
hills. But I have never experienced the annoyance 
of being tripped up by the loops which Gray says are 
formed by the reclining branches taking root at the 
end ; this is the reason why it is called hobble-bush. 

Bunch-berry. The bunch-berry is one of the most 
Comus Canadensis, conspicuous and beautiful objects 
which meets one's eyes, when, after a weary climb, 
the mountain top is 
at last gained. The 
bunches of bright scar- 
let berries encircled 
by a cluster of about 
six light green, ovate 
pointed leaves are irre- 
sistibly attractive, and 
one must leave the 
path to gather some. 
In early June the pret- Bunch-berry. 

ty little flower is quite interesting for several rea- 
sons ; what seem to be four white petals, two of 
which are smaller than the others, are not petals 
at all, but involucre leaves. The flowers are tiny 
little greenish things with black dots in between. 
An examination of the flowers under the microscope 




82 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




will at once make the tiny forms clear. The scar- 
let berries are quite insipid to the taste. 
Partridge-berry. I n a certain spot on the slope of a 
Mitcheiia repens, liill, and covering a bowlder im- 
bedded in the swamp which is encircled by a group 
of hemlocks, I always find a 
splendid mass of partridge-berry 
vines, too lovely for rude hands 
to disturb, somewhere about the 
1st of May. Then the pretty 
double berries of a brilliant shiny 
scarlet are plentifully dotted over 
the dark-green leaves just for- 
saken by the winter's snow ! It 
is not until June that the little twin blossoms ap- 
pear ; these are sweet-scented and pink-tipped, and 
remind one somewhat of at- 
tenuated arbutus blossoms. 
Goldthread. Goldthread is 

Coptis trifolia. popular among 
the New England farmers' 
wives, who use the slender yellow roots for medici- 
nal purposes. But this fact is scarcely as interest- 
ing as the bright and shiny dark-green leaf which 
holds its color all winter, and in summer carpets the 
wet woods. The flowers are small and anemonelike, 
and appear in early spring ; but the leaves are sym- 



Partridge-berry. 




Blossoms of Partridge-berry. 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 83 

metrical and beautiful, somewhat wedge-shaped, and 
in three divisions. The wiry, yellow roots make 
identification perfectly easy. 

Shepherd's-Purse. The shepherd's-purse is, as Gray says, 

Capseiu the commonest kind of a weed, yet I 

Bursa-PastoHs. mugt gaj fchat in all my extended 

rambles through the White Hills it was not found ! 
Never having instigated a search for the insignificant 
weed, possibly it would take but a little while to secure 
a specimen ; but what I say remains true in reference 
to certain localities in the New Hampshire hills — the 
weed is not common there ! I remember as a boy 
that at Hastings-on-the-Hudson it grew everywhere, 
and we used to call it peppergrass because it had a 
stingy taste. The small white flowers hardly deserve 
attention, but the seed pod is interesting on account 
of the triangular, pouch-shape which gave rise to the 
common name. This weed blooms all summer. Our 
beautiful garden candytuft is its rich relation — that is, 
the riches lie in the flowers, and not in the " purse " ; 
but the similarity of the seed pods of these two plants 
is apparent at a glance. 

Wild Mustard. The w *ld mustard, generally called 
Brassica {or black mustard, with small, pale, pure 

Sinapis) niqra. -n n • r • -,• i • - • 

y yellow flowers, is a familiar object in 
nearly all the fields of Campton. It is quite common, 
and its straggling, spreading stems are in bloom all 



84 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



summer, but is scarcely interesting enough to de- 
serve attention while so many other more beautiful 
flowers are in our midst. 

Stagger-bush. The stagger- 

Andromeda Mariana. bush 2T0WS in 

low ground eastward and 
south, but I have never 
found it in New Hamp- 
shire. The tiny flowers, 
less than half an inch 
long, are cylindrical in 
shape, and are sometimes 
tinged faintly with pink. 
So dainty a flower must 
surely attract those to 
whom it is not a famil- 
iar object ; the blossom 
slightly resembles the 
wintergreen or checker- 
berry flower, to which 
it is closely related, and 
the glossy olive - green 
leaf is said to be poi- 
sonous to lambs and 
calves. The flowers will be found in late spring 
and early summer, on the slender woody stems 
of a bush about three feet high. The shrub has 




MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



85 



lately been cultivated for purposes of garden adorn- 
ment. 

Mountain Laurel. The mountain laurel is not strictly 
Kaimia latifoiia. confined to mountain districts; on 
the contrary, if my experience is like that of others, 
the most beautiful specimens are oftenest gathered 
from flat land 
like that of Long 
Island and the 
"Pines" of New 
Jersey. There 

does not seem to 
be any in the 
Pemige wasset Val- 
ley in the White 
Mountains ; and 
the supply on the 
shores of Squam 
Lake in the south- 
ern district of the 
hills is very lim- 
ited. Certainly 
Kaimia latifoiia is the most conventionally beauti- 
ful wild flower we possess, yet it is rarely if ever 
a success transplanted to cultivated grounds. Un- 
less its natural environment is exactly repeated in 
its new quarters, it invariably pines away and dies. 




Mountain Laurel. 




86 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

It certainly will not endure the savage violence of 
a New England coast climate; it prefers the equa- 
ble temperature of the pine district of New Jer- 
sey. In some parts of the latter State the bushes grow 
to a height of ten feet or more, and in the mountains 
of Pennsylvania they grow fully twenty feet high. 
The perfect, waxlike flower is arranged on the plan 
of a wheel, with the stamens represent- 
ing the spokes ; these are arched, and 
are so elastic that when the tips are re- 
leased from the little notch in the corolla 
(the anther is held there temporarily) 
the pollen is fired right or left, as a boy would sling 
a green apple from the sharpened end of a supple 
stick ; this is an ingenious bit of Nature's artifice 
by which she secures cross-fertilization. Of course, 
a visiting insect experiences a perfect bombardment 
of yellow pollen when it alights on a flower, occa- 
sioned by its walking on the stamens and knock- 
ing them out of place ; then, powdered over like a 
dusty miller, it visits another flower, and Nature's 
little scheme is carried out to perfection ! It is 
worth while to spend a few minutes in a garden 
watching a clumsy bumblebee ; the process of pollen 
transfer will then be easily understood. As a boy, 
I found it amusing to liberate the stamens of a Kal- 
mia blossom with the point of a pin, and watch the 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST, 



87 



yellow pollen fly. 
Nothing is more 
beautiful then the 
golden forms of 
the dainty pollen 
specks under the 
microscope. The 
flowers are in their 
prime in June, 
when they will 
tinge a whole hill- 
side with pinkish 
white. The full 
flower is usually 
pure white, and the 
undeveloped, orna- 
mental bud a very 
pronounced pink. 
Kalmia glauca 
(common in the 
North) is a varie- 
ty with small lilac- 
colored flowers. Sheep Laurel. 

Sheep Laurel. The sheep laurel is not nearly as 

Kalmia angustifoiia. large as the mountain laurel, nor 
is it as beautiful ; but the blossoms are decidedly 
pink, and are daintily formed. I find it in bloom 




88 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



as late as the end of June in Campton ; but it is so 
very uncommon there that it can only be found in 
two places, so far as my knowledge extends. New 
Hampshire certainly is not rich in Kalmia, for when 
one has to hunt for a flower it can not be called 
common. As Gray calls its color crimson-purple, I 
must draw attention to the fact that 
there is never any purple in it, but 
that the true color is a delicate crim- 
son-pink. It grows in the poor soil 
of rather low grounds. 

Candytuft. The cheery garden 

Iberis umbellata. candytuft is a mem- 
ber of the Mustard family, and a 
near relative of the common weed, 
shepherd's-purse. It is a captivat- 
ing little flower which is in constant 
bloom from June until October, 
winning every heart by its untiring 
courage in meeting all conditions of 
weather with fresh relays of its dain- 
ty white or purple flowers. It is 
astonishing to note in advanced au- 
tumn that the little plants have not 
yet spent all their energy ; all they 
ask is that their flowers should be picked, and a new 
supply takes the place of the old. I find that the 




Dobbie's Double 
Spiral Candytuft. 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 89 

most satisfactory variety is Dobbie's Double Spiral ; 
the Rocket is also good, but it does not produce such 
large flower-heads as the former variety. Candytuft 
comes to us from Europe, and gets its botanical name 
from Iberia, the old name for Spain. I have found a 
very beautiful variety of the flower growing wild on 
the rocky slopes of Gibraltar. There is a white pe- 
rennial variety called I. seinjpervirens ; I. Gibraltica 
is the same under cultivation ; its flowers are white, 
crimson, and rose-color. Some of us may be sur- 
prised to learn that Gibraltar has an extensive flora ; 
it is far from being a barren rock. In the short 
climb up the path from the town to the fortifications 
I picked as many as fifteen specimens of unfamiliar 
wild flowers besides a dozen or so which I recognized 
as old friends ; this was on the first day of March, 
too ! Dr. Henry M. Field says : " Gibraltar is not a 
barren cliff ; its very crags are mantled with vegeta- 
tion, and wild flowers spring up almost as in Pales- 
tine. Those who have made a study of its flora tell 
us that it has no less than five hundred species of 
flowering plants and ferns, of which but one tenth 
have been brought from abroad ; all the rest are 
native." 

Sweet Alyssum. Sweet alyssum is like mignonette 
Aiyssum maritimum. i n one respect — its qualities surpass 

its charms. It has small, white, honey-scented flow- 

7 



90 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

ers with an odor like that of buckwheat; it comes 
to us from Europe ; a variety common in garden 
borders has small, ornamental, pale-green leaves 
white-edged. Alyssum is also a member of the Mus- 
tard family, and is closely allied to candytuft and 
shepherd' s-purse. It blooms all summer. 

Cornflower, or The bluest of all blue flowers, the 
Bachelor's Button, cornflower or bachelor's button, vies 

Centaurea Cyanus. ^ ^ ^.^ which ^^ geemg 

to consider a most perfect blue ; but a flower of the 
true blue does not exist ; it is only suggested by the 
forget-me-not. There is too much purple in the corn- 
flower for us to indulge in praises of its blue. For 
all that, its color is still charming, and in Germany 
(the flower originally came to us from that country), 
where it grows wild iu the wheat fields, the harmony 
of its blue with the straw-yellow is aesthetically per- 
fect. But the cornflower shows us other colors than 
blue ; there are light and deep crimson-pink, purple 
and violet, both these colors striped with white, lilac, 
and white with pink or with blue center. Its foliage is 
a soft, silvery, whitish green, and its bloom is continu- 
ous and prolific through the early summer ; it blooms 
quite as well if planted later in the season, and is 
an annual highly prized in old-fashioned gardens. A 
comparison of the Centaureas with iron weed and 
blazing-star, which are distant relatives, is interesting, 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 91 

as there are some curious points of resemblance in 
the general appearance of the flowers. C. odorata 
(sweet sultan) is closely allied to the cornflower, and 
it bears yellow as well as pink and purple flowers. 
C. moschata, a musk-scented variety, has magenta- 
pink and white flowers. C. sauveolens is a beautiful, 
pure yellow flower which assumes showy proportions 
under greenhouse care. All these are annuals and 
natives of Asia. The dusty miller, which is so com- 
mon as a white-leaved plant for garden borders, is a 
perennial variety which is again separated into vari- 
eties named C. eandidissima, C. cle?nentei, and C. gym- 
nocarpa. These possess no important distinguishing 
differences which are of interest here. 

Mignonette. Our common garden mignonette 
Beseda odorata. comes from the Levant, and is an 
annual cultivated for the sweet scent of its tiny, 
rusty and greenish-white flowers — it is the anthers 
which are rust-color ; the rest of the rather unin- 
teresting flower assumes a variety of greenish tints, 
which are quite beautiful under the microscope. 
There is one relative of the mignonette in this coun- 
try which grows wild along the roadsides, but it is 
not very common ; it is named R. luteola. It is a 
tall weed with lance-shaped leaves and a long spike 
of small, dull-yellowish flowers which slightly remind 
one of the white golden-rod. In Italy, among the 



92 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

mountains, and in Gibraltar there are two wild species 
of mignonette, eacli tiny in figure but having the un- 
mistakable family look ; they are B. sesamonides and 
R. glauca. Mignonette is an annual with the happy 
faculty of blooming all summer long; it wastes its 
sweetness, not " on the desert air," but in the farm- 
house kitchen and the fashionable drawing-room. It 
is a simple flower with the charm of perfect sweet- 
ness, a quality quite lacking in many a showy flower, 
and the sandier the soil is, the sweeter it grows. 

Phlox is the Greek name for fire, 
Phlox Drummondii, 

Annual. and, although all the phloxes are 

Phlox decussata, no t fiery-hued, there are many of 
them brilliant and red enough to 
deserve the name. They are North American plants, 
and the annual variety comes from Texas. The 
range of color in the Drummond phlox is extraor- 
dinary. There are cream-white, pale yellow, pale 
salmon-pink, deep pink, crimson-pink, magenta, pur- 
ple, lilac, pure red, crimson, and solferino. But 
there is no orange nor scarlet. The five divisions of 
the corolla are often starry-eyed, and sometimes they 
are striped; in the varieties cnspidata andjl/nhriata 
they are slashed and toothed in a remarkable way. 
The star-shaped flowers are curiously marked with 
color, and the corolla is often so deeply incised that 
the flower is no longer recognizable as the sober flat- 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



93 



disked phlox of bygone days. In truth, I might add 
that star phlox (called Star of Quedlinburg) is one 
of the curiosities of the modern garden. The seed is 
slow to germinate, and the little plants take a long 
time to grow, but eventually they reward us with a 
plentiful and continuous bloom 
which is more than a liberal 
payment for the small amount 
of care bestowed upon them. 
They begin to flower in June, 
and about the last of October 
Jack Frost claims the last lin- 
gering blossoms. P. decussata, 
the perennial variety under cul- 
tivation, is not quite so brilliant 
in coloring, but it is refined and 
delicate, and has the advantage 
of permanency. Its strongest 
and best hues are crimson, ma- 
genta, and pink. P. mactdata 
is a wild variety of the South 
and West, with a pyramidal clus- 
ter of pale magenta or white 
flowers, and purple-brown spotted, lance-shaped lower 
leaves ; it flowers in summer. P. divaricata is a 
graceful variety which is found in the same part of 
the country, but in moist localities, and has loose 




White Phlox Drummondii. 



94 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



spreading clusters of large lilac and bluish lilac 
iiowers which appear in late spring; it has been 
crossed in cultivation, and is found in the garden 
in larger figure and finer colors. P. glaberrima 
and P. Carolina are pink and 
pale-pink varieties which are com- 
mon in the near West and South, 
and flower in early summer. The 
five lobes of the corolla are round. 
The former variety has slender 
stems, long lance-shaped leaves, 
and loose flower clusters; the lat- 
ter, stout stems, ovate or even 
heart-shaped leaves, and crowded flower clusters. 
P. subulata is a low-creeping little plant, so entirely 
different from the foregoing varieties that I have 
given it separate consideration elsewhere. These 
wild phloxes are all perennials, and they have been 
more or less introduced into the garden, where they 
appear in so many varied types that they are not 
easily recognized. The most satisfactory color in 
the perennial flowers is white ; the pale magenta 
tints of some others are not very beautiful. 




Star of Quedlinburg. 



CHAPTER VII. 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, 
AND AUGUST. 

Caraway to Indian 
Cucumber Boot. 



Caraway. 

Carum Carui. 



The caraway has 
found its way into 
the fields and pastures from the 
kitchen garden, and lias really be- 
come a very familiar wild flower 
in many parts of the country. 
It might possibly be mistaken for 
wild carrot on account of the 
similar gray-white flowers, but the 
resemblance is too superficial to 
deserve attention. My drawing 
shows the superior delicacy of the 
caraway flowers ; indeed, they are 
as beautiful as some varieties of 
Spiraea. The plant grows about 
twenty inches high, and blooms 




Caraway. 



95 



FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AKD GARDEN. 



Parsnip. 

Zizia aurea. 



about the middle of June. Its aromatic seeds are 
used plentifully to flavor the 
familiar New York New- 
Year's cake. 

Wild Meadow The wild mead " 
ow parsnip is 
not as common 
as caraway, but it will be a 
familiar object to many who 
pass through the cultivated 
fields of New England in 
May or June. The fine flow- 
ers, similar in appearance to 
the caraway, are pale golden 
yellow, and the leaves are 
twice compound. The stem 
of the plant is grooved, and 
the leaves, toothed at the 
edges, are dark green. The 
common wild parsnip (Pasti- 
naca sativa) has similar flow- 
ers, but the stem is heavier 
and deeper grooved, and its 
leaves are simply compound. 

Bush-Honeysuckle. Tne bush-hon- 
Wild Meadow Parsnip. BiervUla trifida. eySUckle will 

be found beside the road and in the hedges, where 




MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



97 



it may be recognized at once by its small honey- 
yellow flowers rather than by its leaves, which are 
not different from a great 
many others with whose 
company they are pretty 
sure to be well mixed. 
There is only a slight re- 
semblance to the culti- 
vated honeysuckle in this 
wild variety ; and beside 
the magnificent pink blos- 
soms of the D. Japonica, 
that beautiful shrub which 
comes to us from Japan, 
our native variety dwin- 
dles into utter insignifi- 
cance. It blooms in ear- 
ly summer. 

On the top 

of Mount 

Washington, 

seeking shel- 
ter in the crevices of the 
storm - beaten rocks, one 
may find in early sum- 
mer plenty of the dainty little Alpine plant called 
mountain sandwort ; it is sometimes called mountain 



Mountain 
Sandwort 

Arenaria 
G-rcenlandica 




Bush-Honeysuckle. 



98 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

daisy by the people of that locality. The flower 
grows about three inches high on a fine stem, and 

is tiny and dainty ; each 
petal is notched at the end, 
and is translucent white in 
color. Little specimens of 
the plant are tucked into 
small birch-bark baskets and 
sold to the visitors on the 
mountain. Of course, it 
gets its name by its arctic 
preferences ; for the cold 
fog, snow, and ice of Green- 
land are its natural environ- 

Mountain Sandwort. 

ment. Still, we are sur- 
prised at finding such a delicate-looking little thing 
on the bleak, desolate summit of the great New Eng- 
land mountain. 

Indian Pipe. Gray's description of the Indian 

Monotropa uniflora. pipe is so simple that I can not 
do better than quote what he says : " Common In- 
dian pipe, or corpse plant ; in rich woods, smooth, 
waxy-white all over, three to six inches high, with 
one rather large nodding flower of five petals and 
ten stamens." These are what might be called the 
bare facts of its existence. But there is more that 
is really interesting about it : the queer, little, un- 




MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



99 



canny thing flourishes on decay ; it grows parasit- 
icaliy on the roots of other plants, and we may find 
it oftenest beside the decayed stump of some forest 
giant, where its pearly whiteness is relieved against 
a background of decaying, moss - covered wood. 
The flower sometimes has a faint pink flush on 
its face, but is oftenest as pale as death. There 

is something weirdly sug- 
gestive in its deathliness : 
why should it have been 
named Indian pipe ? It 
occurred to me once, 
when I was climbing the 
slopes of South Mountain 
in the Catskills and came 
across a pretty group of 
the ghostly little pipes, 
that they were wrongly 
named ; they should have 
been called the Pipes of 
Hudson's Crew. Those 
of us who have seen the 
ghostly crew in Jeffer- 
son's Rip Tan "Winkle 
can easily imagine the gnomelike creatures smoking 
pale pipes like these. But the weird little plant is 
as curious in death as it is in life, for immediately 

LofC. 




Indian Pipe. 



100 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



after being picked it begins to blacken, and (most 
curious contradiction) a pressed specimen of the 
pearly white flower eventually becomes " as black 

as your hat." Indian pipe 
grows in the deep woods 
in early summer. Mono- 
tropa Hypopitys, or false 
beech-drops, closely related 
to the pale Indian pipe, 
has a ruddy complexioned, 
fragrant, and small (gener- 
ally four - petaled) flower 
which blooms in the pine 
woods in summer. 
Common Day-Flower. The day -flower 

Cammelina Virginiea. is Common ill OUr 

Eastern seaboard States 
from New York to Florida, 
and blooms in summer. 
It has light violet-blue 
flowers, irregular in shape, 
three stamens project considerably 
The flowers seem to grow out 
from an upper spathelike leaf, and the leaves are 
lance-shaped and contracted at the base. The plant 
is a near relative of the spiderwort, and like the 
latter has a peculiar mucilaginous juice. 




Common Day-Flower. 

and three-petaled ; 
beyond the petals. 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



101 



Spiderwort ^ ie spiderwort, somewhat more fa- 

Tradescantia miliar to "us in the old-fashioned gar- 

%rgimca. ^ en fo&n g row j n g wild, is neverthe- 
less common in some of the moist places of western 
New York and the South. It is an at- 
tractive little, three-petaled, purple-blue 
flower with orange-yellow anthers, 
which unfortunately has a very 
short life. There 
are so few blue 
wild flowers that 
the delicate blos- 
som is beautiful for this rea- 
son if for no other. The little 
blue clusters snuggled at the bases of 
the narrow green leaves form a very 
pretty bit of color harmony. The plant 
blooms in early summer. 

Star of Bethlehem. Gra y sa J s tlie star of 
Ornitkogaium Bethlehem is an old gar- 

den flower which has es- 
caped to low meadows. The leaves 
spiderwort. are long and grasslike, and the flower, 
like that of Nicotiana affinis, is white 
within and green without; but, exactly unltke the 
latter flower, it opens in sunshine. It is common 
in some localities and absent in others ; it grows, 




102 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

for instance, in the fields around Morristown, N. J., 
and also in Prospect Park, Brooklyn ; but I have 
never found it in the meadows of New Hampshire. 
It is a near relative of the dog's-tooth violet, but 
blooms much later, in early summer. It belongs to 
the Lily family. 

Buttercup. The child's favorite yellow w T ild flow- 

Banuncuius repens. er ^ t ^ e buttercup, does not need any 
hints or facts recorded here for its identification ; 
yet I wish to draw a closer attention to the flower. 
Those artistically inclined young people who like 
to paint the familiar buttercup frequently lose sight 
of its simple elements of beauty ; I allude to the 
shape of the leaf and the burnished color of the 
flower. The leaf is one of the most charming in- 
stances of symmetry in Nature. Examine it closely, 
and, for the sake of better acquaintance, spread a 
large perfect specimen flatly on a piece of paper, 
trace around its edge with a sharp-pointed pencil, and 
note the conventional, decorative beauty of the out- 
line thus obtained. There are not many flowers 
which can boast of such a beautiful leaf. Then the 
brilliant yellow of the corolla is almost beyond the 
power of pure water color to reproduce. The only 
way one can adequately represent it is to use the 
purest yellow, and leave, for the dazzling touches of 
light, spots of the clean white paper beneath. The 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 103 

finest buttercups frequent moist meadow land, and 
they are in their prime in June and July. R. fas- 
cicularis is an early variety of the buttercup, 
which grows in rocky pastures and is about six 
inches high. 

Dandelion. ^ ne common dandelion, which stars 

Taraxacum the meadows in May and June with 

ens- eonis. .^ ra( Ji an t c i rc ] es f gold, Would be 

a garden favorite were it less common. But this 
prodigality of gold unfortunately fails to arouse the 
interest of older people ; only children appreciate 
this kind of riches. They must study the heart of 
the flower who would see the gold in its depths. A 
big dandelion placed under the magnifying glass is 
one of the grandest studies in golden yellow that 
can be imagined. The richness of color which is 
occasioned by the crowding together of such a 
number of brilliant yellow florets (for it must be 
remembered that the dandelion is a group of indi- 
vidual flowers) is beyond description. Yet we pass 
the common flower with perfect indifference; but 
there was one man who did not. It was Lowell, 
who said : 



" Dear common flower, that grow'st beside the way, 
Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold, 
First pledge of blithesome May, 

Which children pluck, and, full of pride, uphold, 



104 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

High-hearted buccaneers, o'erjoyed that they 

An El Dorado in the grass have found, 

Which not the rich earth's ample round 
May match in wealth — thou art more dear to me 
Than all the prouder summer blooms may be."' 

This is the first verse of the only poem which per- 
fectly celebrates the magnificent golden color of the 
dandelion. It is indeed childhood's favorite flower, 
and the beautiful lines express the feeling in the 
heart of every true flower lover, old or young. What 
the world might call common was something infinitely 
more to Lowell. Only a poet could so perfectly esti- 
mate the wisdom of a child who looks " on the living 
pages of God's book," while grown-up people pass 
them by. 

The largest and handsomest dandelions I have 
ever seen grow in Nantucket ; the farther north one 
goes the smaller the flower grows. There is another 
dandelion, a fall flower (Zeontodon autumnale), which 
will be noticed further on. I must not omit to men- 
tion the Cynthia dandelion (Krigia dandelion), which 
is common from March to July in moist ground from 
Maryland west to Kansas, and from there south- 
wardly to Texas. Prof. Meehan says : " The flowers 
are open before the frosts are wholly gone ; and be- 
fore March has departed the yellow buds break forth 
in all their spring beauty and clothe the meadows 
with their brilliant flowers." It is well to know that 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 105 

the common dandelion is not a native of our country, 
but was brought here by the white man, with whom 
it soon made a home on the red man's lands. 

Ox-eye Daisy ^ ne f am iliar daisy which is so much 
Chrysanthemum beloved of the children is really a 

Leucanthemum. i ,\ i l i j_ j 

chrysanthemum, very closely related 
to the magnificent golden flower of Japan, which has 
reached such gigantic proportions through cultiva- 
tion. In early summer the fields are white with the 
flower, and its presence in the grass is so annoying 
to the farmer that it has been called farmer's curse. 
Still, for all that, the golden-eyed, white-rayed little 
thing is sesthetically perfect, and artists as well as 
children love the flower for its own sweet simplicity. 
The little pink English daisy is only cousin to our 
daisy ; in fact, it is not a chrysanthemum, and it does 
not grow wild in our country as it does in England 
and on the Continent. The ox-eye daisy, like the 
dandelion, was brought to this country by the white 
man. It blooms in early summer. A near relative of 
the daisy, which flowers in June, is the pyrethrum 
(O. Parthenium), which has run wild, especially in 
New York, from old gardens. It has loose clusters 
of crimson-pink or white flowers, in form resembling 
the ox-eye daisy. The variety under cultivation 
called Boseum supplies us with the well-known Per- 
sian insect powder. C. parthenioides, or double- 

8 



106 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



flowered feverfew, is another relative of the ox-eye 
daisy. Its pure white, rounded flowers, about the 
size of a nickel, are commonly seen in our gardens 
in summer and early autumn. They resemble the 
English daisy {Belli s) in form, but have no pink 
tinge. 

Heliotrope. ^ De beautiful, sweet-scented helio- 

Heliotropium trope comes from Peru and Chili. 

Peruviannm. T , . . , , , -. . , . , 

It is a perennial held m high esteem 
by all ; hardly a farmhouse window which holds a 
few flowering geraniums is 
without its treasured pot of 
heliotrope ; and the conserva- 
tories might all boast of many 
fine specimens. The name 
comes from the Greek, and 
means turning to the sun. 
There are several variations of 
its color, from light to dark 
purple, and even white ; but 
the darker colors are most 
beautiful. M. Lemoine, of 
France, has raised some of the 
finest varieties. An essence of 
heliotrope is used as perfum- 
ery ; but among our flowers the most fragrant ones, 
strange as it may seem, are the least available for 




Heliotrope. 



MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 107 

their perfume ; in such a case a " fixing scent," such 
as neroli, vanilla, orris, or musk, is generally em- 
ployed, and this is supposed to strike the same 
"key" on the olfactory nerve as the real essence, 
and also to change its volatility 
to permanence ; thus vanilla is 
used as a basis for heliotrope 
perfume. There are great flow- 
er farms in the south of France 
devoted to the interests of 
French perfumery. Yiolets are 
imitated by attar of almonds, 
tuberose, and orris ; orris is 
obtained from the Florentine 
iris (I. Florentina). Heliotrope 
blooms from early summer on- 
ward. 
Atamasco Lily. The Atamasco 

Amaryllis Atamasco. Hly ? sometimes 

called zephyr flower, or zephy- 
ranthes, is a native of the South, 
common in low grounds, and is 
now cultivated in the garden, 
where it blooms in early sum- 
mer ; its flowers are pure pink, 

i • , T j T Atamasco Lily. 

or wnite. In my garden 1 no- 
tice they seem to bloom hurriedly or not at all. 




108 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

The flower appears (quite as soon as the broad, 
grasslike leaves) in the Carolinas and southward 
from March to June, according to the locality. It 
is a relative of the yellow star-grass and the snow- 
drop. To this family also belong the common Eng- 
lish daffodil (N Pseudo-Narcissus), the jonquil (N 
jonquilla), and the Narcissi jpoeticus and jpolyan- 
ilios / this last, a variety of tiny flowers in clusters, 
I have found growing wild in Switzerland near 
the St. Bernard Pass, in May ; it is the parent of 
the cultivated variety named N Ta- 
zetta, or Polyanthus Narcissus. But 
these are more successful as hot-house 
plants, although some are quite hardy 
in gardens south of Boston. 

Milkwort. Milkwort is a com- 

Poiygala sanguinea. mon weed which gen- 
erally grows in wet sandy ground and 
bears pinkish-crimson flowers in a 
head somewhat similar to clover, but 
smaller. It grows not more than nine 
inches high, and is common in Massa- 
chusetts and in the pine district of 
New Jersey, in the vicinity of Lake- 
wood. Its name was derived from 
two Greek words, meaning much milk ; not that the 
plants yielded milky juice, but it was thought that 




MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 109 

in pasturage they increased the milk of cows. The 
milkwort flowers all summer. 

Seneca Snakeroot. Senega, or seneca snakeroot, is anoth- 
Poiygaia Senega. er memD er f the Poly gala family, 
which is common in the West. Its flowers are 
white and small, and are clustered in a simple ter- 
minal spike. The plant is about ten inches high, 
and the lance-ovate leaves follow the stem in alter- 
nate positions ; the flowers appear in late spring. 
Senega is used for medicinal purposes, and is often 
given in the form of a sirup for a cough. P. poly- 
gama is still another common variety of milkwort, 
which is found in sandy places. Its insignificant 
crimson-pink flowers, of a deep hue, are hardly as 
handsome as Gray would lead us to suppose. But 
the useful, fertile flowers of this plant are borne on 
short underground runners, and are still less con- 
spicuous. The little plant blooms all summer. P. 
lutea is an orange-yellow variety common in sandy 
swamps southward. Its leaves grow alternately on a 
low stem which is terminated by a single flower head. 
Indian The Indian cucumber-root, which re- 

Cucumber-Root, ceives its name from the taste of the 

Medeola Virginica. tuberoug) horizontal, and white root 

stalk, flowers in early summer ; but the blossom is very 
unattractive, and it is only in September, when the 
beautiful dark purple berries appear in clusters of 



HO FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

three, that our attention is attracted to the plant. 
It grows in the woods, and has a simple stem with a 
circle of six or seven thin, parallel-ribbed, bright 
green leaves ; close up to the berries are three smaller 
leaves. 




Indian Cucumber-Root. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 
Nasturtium to Purple-flowering Raspberry. 

Nasturtium or The nasturtium is perhaps one of the 

Indian Cress, most satisfactory of all the garden an- 
ropceo um. nuals ; it produces an immense num- 

ber of flowers with a small amount of attention from 
the gardener, and it withstands 
drought and the intense heat of 
midsummer better than any other 
denizen of the garden. The flower 
comes to us from South America, 
chiefly from Peru and Chili. JSTo 
wonder that it is well adapted to a 
climate subject to hot waves and 
drought. Although the fruit is 
pickled, and finds its way to our 
tables as an agreeable condiment, 
the flowers oftener appear there as N * Prmce Henr y- 
a midsummer decoration. What a glory of color it 

brings us! — golden yellow, palest straw-color, the 

111 




112 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

same tint with ruby eyes, rich maroon, burning scar- 
let, intense red, scarlet pink, delicate salmon, russet- 
orange, bright orange, aesthetic old gold, and gray- 
purple in silky sheen, peach-blow pink, streaky bronze 
and gold, ruby-eyed gold, and a host of variations of 
all these colors which I never *could adequately de- 
scribe in twenty pages. The varieties which seem to 
me most attractive are, in order, as follows : 

Prince Henry, Streaked scarlet and straw-yellow. 

Empress of India, Intense red, dark foliage. 

Anrora, Salmon and orange-buff. 

Pearl, Pale straw-yellow. 

Rose, Deep scarlet-lake pink. 

Edward Otto, Pale brownish lilac. 

King of Tom Thumbs, Intense scarlet, dark foliage. 

Asa Gray, Straw-yellow, striped with dull red. 

For a really beautiful dark flower the King Theo- 
dore, clothed in velvety maroon, must command our 
admiration, but the darker and richer Black Scabiosa 
(mourning bride) is handsomer than the deepest-hued 
nasturtium. The Crystal Palace Gem, straw-yellow 
with maroon eyes, is dainty in coloring, but not so 
delicate in effect as the pale Pearl. What is remark- 
able about these nasturtiums (all except Edward Otto 
and Asa Gray belong to the dwarf division, which does 
not climb) is their prodigality of bloom. From six 
dozen plants one may gather during the height of 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



113 




N. Pearl. 



bloom fully three hundred flow- 
ers each day for a period of two 
weeks ; the picking of about 
four thousand flowers during so 
short a time, it is needless to say, 
would keep one pretty well oc- 
cupied. 

But such results are not to be 
obtained under any other than 
favorable conditions : the nastur- 
tium wants all the sun it can get, 
plenty of water, and nothing but 
sandy loam to grow in ; any 
richer ground, or lesser sunlight, will make the plant 
produce nothing but leaves. It is curious to note 
how quickly the little plant responds to the right 
kind of treatment : if we wish 
many flowers, we must not fail to 
pick each blossom as soon as it 
appears ; if the flowers are allowed 
to remain on the plant, the latter 
concludes that they are not wanted, 
and soon ceases to produce any 
more ; as fast as the flowers are 
gathered, others begin to make 
their appearance ; whereas, if the 
n. King Theodore. plants are left to themselves, there 




114 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



is a grand display of color for a very short season 
and then no flowers at all. The nasturtium is one 
of the earliest annuals to reward us with its flowers, 
and it is amusing to see how soon the little hum- 
ming bird discovers the whereabouts of the first 
blossom, and how he lingers over it, taking repeated 
sips of honey, reluctant at last to leave. I have 
watched one little fellow visit flower- 
after flower, when later in the sea- 
son they were very plentiful, and, 
still loath to leave such a paradise 
of sweets, rest awhile on the 
wire screen which sup- 
ported the sweet peas, 
preening his feathers 
contentedly, and then 
make a final round as 
though he was bent on 
obtaining a square meal before leaving a certainty 
for an uncertainty. 

There are three divisions of the nasturtium group 
which are different in habit of growth : the dwarf, 
w T hich does not climb ; the Lobhianum, which runs 
over the ground and climbs very little ; and the 
major, which attains a height of ten feet or more. 
The dwarf is the most prolific bloomer, but the Lob- 
bianum has a larger and more perfect flower; the 




N. Asa Gray. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



115 




Leaf Canary-Bird Vine. 



major is a splendid variety for climbing over fences, 
and so forth, and its foliage is of 
ranker growth. Of these three 
varieties the dwarf seems most 
satisfactory, as it requires the 
least attention, takes the least 
amount of space, and insures the 
largest returns ; with a hundred 
plants, carefully set out, one 
should be able to gather a thou- 
sand blossoms a day at the height of the season ; 
this would not be possible with either of the other 
varieties. 

Tropceolum jperegrinum is a very near relative of 
the nasturtium, and is a beautiful-leafed vine, with 
rather small, pure yellow flowers ; from a fancied re- 
semblance of the blossom to the canary, it is some- 
times called canary-bird flower. The vine climbs by 
means of the leaf stem, which develops a sort of 
kink in the effort to cattih on something and draw 
itself upward. The leaf is deeply lobed, white-veined, 
and of a soft, light-green color. The flower has five 
petals, with the three lower ones fringed. The vine 
is in bloom all summer. The water-cress (Nastur- 
tium officinale), whose botanical name is somewhat 
misleading, is a member of the Mustard family, and 
is therefore unrelated to our garden nasturtium. 



116 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Balsam, 
or Lady's Slipper. 

Impatiens balsamina, 



A close relation of the jewel weed, 
the garden balsam, or lady's slipper, 
bears a striking resemblance to the 
wild species ; but only the single flowers look like 

the jewel weed ; 
the double ones 
rather resemble the 
Camellia Japonica. 
Nowadays the hor- 




Malmaison Balsam. 



ticulturists give us 
a splendid double 
flower which has 
little likeness to the 
single lady's slip- 
pers of our grand- 
mothers' gardens. The variety named Malmaison is 
a favorite of mine ; it has the most delicate blush- 
pink color imaginable, and certainly looks like the 
rose it was named for. The balsam comes to us 
from India. It blooms throughout the summer. 

Geranium. The name Pelargonium, is from 

Pelargonium. the Greek word meaning stork, and 

was suggested by the shape of the seed pod, which 
resembles that of the bird's beak. The wild gera- 
nium carries the English name crane's-bill for the 
same reason. Our Pelargoniitms are natives of 
the Cape of Good Hope, and they are so mixed up 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. H7 

through crossing in the process of cultivation that 
only a few species may be identified with the help of 
botanical descriptions. The following are common 
in our gardens : 

Peppermint P. (P. tomentosum). — The leaves are 
large, round, heart-shaped, with five to seven lobes, 
and are velvety-hairy on both sides. The insignifi- 
cant fiowers are white. By gentle pressure the leaf 
will emit a peppermint odor, by which the plant can 
be easily identified. 

Pose-scented P. {P. capitatum). — The leaves are 
velvety, rounded and moderately lobed, and the little 
flowers, scarcely half an inch long, are of a magen- 
ta-crimson color ; there are many flowers in a head ; 
the foliage is unmistakably rose-scented. 

Pennyroyal P. {P. exstiptdatum). — This variety 
has an altogether different leaf from the foregoing ; 
botanically speaking, it is palmately three-parted — i. e.. 
in figure like the triple leaf of the clover, but, unlike 
the latter, these divisions are close together and wedge- 
shaped with toothed edges ; it is also small, perhaps 
half an inch wide, and is soft and velvety ; it has a 
strong aromatic smell like pennyroyal. The flowers 
are very small and white. 

All three of these varieties are commonly culti- 
vated by the farmers' wives throughout New York 
and New England. 



118 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Ivy-leaved P. (P. peltatum). — This variety lias an 
ivy-shaped, smooth, iive-lobed leaf, sometimes with a 
dark zone, and is easily recognized. The flowers are 
generally of crimson or cherry tones of color, with a 
variety of pink tints and also a pure white. I know 
of only one or two scarlet varieties, and these are of 
recent introduction. 

Horseshoe P. (P. zonale) and Stained or Scar- 
let P. {P. inquinans) are two varieties which have 
become inextricably mixed ; the 
former has a dark horseshoe 
mark or zone on the leaf, 
which, however, is sometimes 
wanting, and the latter has a 
lighter green leaf without the 
zone. Both varieties have 
round scalloped leaves, which 
have a " fishy smell." To these 
two classes belong the infinite 
variety of bright-colored and 
delicately tinted flowering geraniums which are so 
common as bedding plants. A notable white variety 
with double flowers is called La Favorite ; a lovely 
salmon-pink one is the Beaute Poitevine. Nearly 
all these geraniums have received the close atten- 
tion of French horticulturists, and in the continuous 
process of cross-fertilization we have quite lost sight 




Leaf of P. zonal. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



119 



of some of the original species. The common sweet- 
scented geraniums, with small inconspicuous crim- 
son-pink flowers, general- 
ly belong to the variety 
called P. Radula. 

As a rule, all the 
mixed, showy - flowered 
Pelargoniums are called 
Lady Washington gerani- 
ums ; this name does not 
apply to any individual 
variety. One of the most 
beautiful of the light- 
leaved geraniums is called 
Madame Salleroi ; the leaf 
is almost white, and is 
generally zoned with a 
pale green. 

It is interesting to 
know that the wild geranium, herb Robert, wood 
sorrel, garden geranium, nasturtium, canary-bird vine, 
jewel weed, and lady's slipper (balsam) all belong to 
the Geranium family. It is seldom the case that a 
family circle includes so many attractive and beau- 
tiful individuals who are distinguished by such a 
marked contrast in character ; how widely different 
the wood sorrel is from the scarlet geranium ! 




La Favorite Geranium. 



120 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Portulaca. Portulaca comes to us from South 

Portidaca America. Its brilliant flowers, in 

gian ijioia. gj ia p e c i ose ]y resembling a wild rose, 

are found snuggled close to the ground in nearly 
every country garden. The foliage is narrow like 
fir-needles, but of a thick and pulpy nature ; the 
stems are also thick and are ruddy in color. There is 
a great variety of colors among the flowers — crimson, 
pure pink, scarlet-pink, magenta, scarlet, pale and deep 
yellow, buff, and orange. The double variety, in my 
estimation, is not as beautiful as the 
single. A troublesome weed of the 
garden resembling portulaca, but 
having a broader and blunt leaf, is 
called P. oleracea, purslane, or pus- 
ley. Charles Dudley Warner, in My 
Summer in a Garden, has drawn 
particular attention to this omnipres- 
ent weed ; it is a great nuisance to 
the amateur gardener, but he can 
console himself with the thought that it was handed 
down to him from his ancestors ; they brought it 
with them from the old country, and it once sup- 
plied the table with a much-relished dish of greens 
which has since been displaced by spinach and young 
beet-tops. Portulaca is an annual which flowers all 
summer. 




Leaves of Pusley. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 121 

Amarantus ^ ne amaran th, or amarantus, is really 

A. caudatus, and a cultivated weed — a weed with a 
college education, as some one has 
said of the cauliflower as distinguished from common 
cabbage. The two varieties, A. caudatus (Prince's 
Feather), erect flowering, and A. melancholicus (Love- 
lies-bleeding), with pendulous flower stems, are most 
common. The flowers in both varieties are generally 
crimson ; both come from India. Another variety, 
with flowers in an erect blunt spike (A. hypochon- 
driacus), is cultivated from Mexico. There is a 
wretched garden weed of exactly the same figure as 
the cultivated amarantus, named A. retrqflexus, com- 
monly called pigweed. Its flowers are green. Celo- 
sia, the garden cockscomb, is another near relative of 
the amarantus ; it also comes from India. Its flower 
crest is generally fan-shaped. These flowers all bloom 
throughout the summer. 

, ,, St. John's- wort is very common in 

Shrubby '' 

St. John's-wort. New Jersey, and it may also be found 
Hypericum i n more or less plenty north and 

densiflorum. 

south of that State. Its flowers are 
small and golden-yellow, and grow in dense clusters, 
from which fact it received its botanical name. My 
drawing is taken from a specimen which grew in the 
" Pines " of New Jersey. This variety of the flower 
is a distinctively American one, as H. perforatum, 



122 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



yE&wi* 




Shrubby St. John's-wort. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 123 

which has small and opposite leaves, although com- 
moner in New England, is, as Gray says, " the only 
one not indigenous." There is no possibility of con- 
fusing the two varieties, as one is shrubby and the 
other has an upright, much-branched stem. The 
flower gets its name from the superstition that on 
St. John's day, the 24th of June, the dew which fell 
on the plant the evening before was efficacious in pre- 
serving the eyes from disease. So the plant was col- 
lected, dipped in oil, and thus transformed into a 
balm for every wound. In fact, superstition gathered 
about the plant in such a variety of forms that the 
Scotch in olden times carried it about in their pockets 
as a charm against witchcraft. St. John's-wort can 
hardly be called beautiful, and it is considered a 
great nuisance in farming-lands. The shrubby va- 
riety grows .about three feet high and flowers in 
June. The H. perforatum is an herb which grows 
one or two feet high and flowers all summer. 
Purple-flowering The purple-flowering raspberry is 
Raspberry. not purple at all. This is a popular 
name without any truth in it. The 
flowers are crimson-magenta in color, and look some- 
thing like wild roses ; the leaves are somewhat like 
maple leaves in shape, but are even larger. The fruit 
looks like a common raspberry, but it is flat, and of a 
weak red color. There are no thorns on the stems. 



124 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

and, but for this circumstance and the fact that the 
leaves are so big and strange-looking in the company 
of the rather striking flower, we might easily mis- 
take it for some kind of a rose. It blooms in June 
and July. 




Purple-flowering Raspberry. 




Hedge Bindweed. 
Convolvulus 



(See page 134.) 



Yellow Field Lily. 

LUium Canaden.se. 




CHAPTER IX. 

JUNE, JULY, AND 
AUGUST. 

Field Lily to Clematis. 



Lilium Canadense. 



The yellow 
field lily be- 
gins to hang its golden-yellow 
buds over the meadows in June, 
and in July the pretty bells are 
in their prime. I need not say 
a word in praise of the grace- 
ful flower ; several poets have 
already exhausted upon it a long 
category of admiring phrases. 
But we must admit it has a 
pretty badly freckled face, 
which perhaps is the reason it 
hangs its head ; however this 
may be, the graceful droop 
adds still another charm to the 
decorative form, and one ought 

125 



126 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Turk's-cap Lily. 

Lilium superbum. 



to be alone satisfied with such a wonderful perfection 
of curved outlines. The plant reaches an average 
height of three feet. 

There is another handsome variety, 
similar to the one just described, 
called Turk's-cap lily, whose color is 
richer, and whose graceful flower divisions are more 
strongly curved backward. This lily is common on 
Cape Cod and all along the coast of New 
England. Its leaves are perhaps less reg- 
ularly arranged in circles, but the stalk 
grows taller ; at times it reaches a height 
of six feet. I have made a little drawing 
of the symmetrical seed vessel w T hich in 
late summer assumes a beautiful bronze 
line. It is astonishing to see the number 
of seeds packed in close layers that just 
one pod contains. How prolific in life 
Nature sometimes shows herself to be ! 
Each one of those tiny seeds contains a hidden life. 
Think of the yield of which one plant is capable ! 
Wild Bed Lily ^- n m ^ estimation the wild red lily, 
Lilium which always grows in shady places 

Philadelphia. (mogtly in or on the edge of the 

woods), is the most beautiful one of all the wild spe- 
cies. Its color is a splendid red of a vermilion cast. 
The flowers stand erect and resemble tiger lilies turned 



fl 



Seed-pod of 
Lilium su- 
perbum. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



127 



upward. The stalk grows 
about two feet high, and 
generally bears but one 
flower, orange-yellow out- 
side and vermilion inside, 
spotted with brown mad- 
der — hardly the purple 
color which Gray men- 
tions. The flower varies 
in hue, and is sometimes 
red-orange instead of ver- 
milion. It blooms about 
the 1st of July, in the 
thin woods, where the 
ground is more or less 
sandy. 

The black- 
eyed Susan, 
as the chil- 
dren call it, Gray says is 
a Western flower which 
was introduced into our 
Eastern meadows with 
clover seed. It is fre- 
quently called cone-flow- 
er by reason of the rather 
high cone-shaped center 



Black-eyed 
Susan. 

Eudbechia Tiirta 




Lilium Philadelphicum. 



128 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



which is usually of a brown-madder color. The 
flower rajs are a rich golden yellow, and have a 

graceful reflex curve ; 
the flower stems are 
brownish, stiff, and 
rough to the touch. 
The plant grows 
about eighteen inch- 
es hiorh. It blooms 

o 

in July. 
Catchfly. The catchfly is 

Silene noctiflora. common in 

waste grounds, and is easily 
identified by its two-parted, 
white petals. The variety I 
have sketched is called night- 
flowering, as the little bud 
opens only toward evening, 
or on cloudy days. It blooms 
side by side with the evening 
primrose, and might easily be 
taken for a white variety of 
the latter flower by one who 
consults his imagination rath- 
er than his botany. But there 
is really no point of resem- 
blance between the flowers. This catchfly is the most 




Rudbeckia hirta. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



129 



beautiful thing imaginable un- 
der the magnifying glass ; the 
petals are not so remarkable, 
but the calyx (the protecting 
green envelope of the flower) is 
as delicate as though it were 
modeled in spun glass ; the 
translucent lines of green 
and white, the hairy sur- 
face, and the symmetry 
of the tiny form, are all 
worth the closest exam- 
ination. My pen-and-ink 
drawing is hard and coarse be- 
side Nature's perfect art ; i f 
the plant had been formed of 
the most fragile and delicately 
colored glass it could scarcely 
have been more curious or 
beautiful. There are two other 
varieties of the catchily which 
are common : Starry Campion 
{Silene stellata) and Bladder 
Campion {Silene inflata). The 
petals of the former are cut in 
a fringe ; the stem of the latter 
is smooth, and its calyx is 




Silene noctiflora. 



130 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




duckweed. 

Cerastium arvense. 



veined. Gray graphically explains all the minor 
differences in a way which may be easily understood 
by one to whom botany is only slightly familiar. 
The catchfly blooms in early summer. 

Field Mouse-ear Tne fiel(i mouse-ear 
chickweed is one 
of the commonest 
weeds which grows by our roadsides 
in all parts of the country. Prof. 
Meehan says he found it in Bergen 
Park, Colorado, at a height of 
seven thousand feet above sea level. 
So common is the little gray-white 
flower that my sketch will be all 
that is needed for its identifica- 
tion. It blooms from April to 
early August. It has an Alpine 
origin and does not stand the hot 
weather well, but with the return 
of autumn it resumes "a green 
moss-like growth which it retains 
through the winter, ready for the 
early bloom of spring." Thus 
Prof. Meehan describes its char- 
acter. The common name has no significance now, 
as it originated long ago by a fancied resemblance to 
a certain species of forget-me-not which used to be 



Field Mouse-ear 
Chickweed. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 131 

called Mouse-ear, because the leaves resembled in 
form a mouse's ear. It is not surprising to learn 
that this flower is a relative of the sandwort (which 
grows on Mount Washington), and a comparison of 
my sketches of the two plants will show the close 
resemblance. 
Common Common chick weed is very common 

Chickweed. an d troublesome in every garden ; it 

Stellaria media. ^^ damp gimmd begtj and sprea ds 

its weakly stems, covered with fine foliage, all over 
the garden beds. The tiny white flowers are very 
insignificant ; they bloom through spring and sum- 
mer. S. longifolia is another variety with long leaves 
widely spreading, and numerous flowers. S. hore- 
alis is a variety common northward in all wet, grassy 
places, and bears its inconspicuous flowers in the 
forks of the leafy branches, It may be found border- 
ing the springs among the hills of New Hampshire. 
Verbena. Our charming garden verbenas are, 

Verlena Aubletia. many of fo^ indigenous to this 

country, and may be seen growing wild in Illinois, 
the Carolinas, and southward. As a rule the flow- 
ers are purple. Other garden varieties — pink, red, 
and white — come from South America, generally the 
Argentine Republic ; one of these ( V. teucroides) 
is exceedingly sweet, vanilla-scented. The verbenas 
flower all summer. 



132 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Blue Vervain. Blue vervain is a tall weed with 
Verbena hastata. tmy homely flowers, that grows in 
waste places and beside the road. There is very little 
suggestion of blue about it ; the 
flowers are decidedly purple, 
and so few of them are in 
bloom at one time that they 
lack color effect. The plant be- 
gins to show its tiny blossoms 
in July. It is a relative of our 
beautiful garden verbenas, as its 
name implies. 
Water Arum. The water arum, 
Caiia paiustris. which is similar 
in appearance to the cultivated 
hothouse flower called calla lily 
(wrongly named, as it does not 
belong to the Lily family), is 
common in boggy places north 
of Pennsylvania. It flowers in 
early summer, and is certainly 
pretty enough to deserve culti- 
vation ; but its magnificent rela- 
tive, so much superior in size, 
evidently precludes the prob- 
ability of the horticulturist taking interest in the 
lesser flower. It seems a pity, for the wild calla is 




Blue Vervain. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



133 



very beautiful, but not quite so common as we might 
wish ; Ave have to look for it. Thoreau says, after 

finding this calla 
in a certain lo- 
cality near Con- 
cord : " Having 
found this in one 
place, I now find 
it in another. 
Many an object 
is not seen, 
though it falls within the range of 
our visual ray, because it does not 
come within the range of our intel- 
lectual ray. So in the largest sense 
we find only the world we look for." 
This is in a great measure true re- 
garding a search for certain wild 
flowers. They are only to be seen on demand ! 
Wild Sarsaparilla. Tne wild sarsaparilla, which must 
Aralia nudicauiis. not be mistaken for the true sarsa- 
parilla of soda-water fame, is nevertheless often used 
as a substitute for the officinal article. Its slender 
roots, which run horizontally three or four feet in 
every direction away from the stem, are as aromatic 
as the mucilaginous twigs of the sassafras tree. But 
every country boy knows all about sassafras and 




Water Arum. 




134 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

sarsaparilla ; any plant which appeals to his sense of 
taste or his propensity to chew is a component part 
of the well-digested knowledge he never learned at 

school. The rather pretty 
balls of fine greenish-white 
flowers of unique appear- 
ance, which bloom in early 
summer, will easily enable 
one to identify the plant. 

Flowers of Wild Sarsaparilla. The sin g le ^ng-stalked leaf, 

divided into three sections 
of about live leaflets each, is too symmetrical and 
pronounced in character to be mistaken for that of 
any other plant when the peculiar globes of tiny 
flowers are seen below it. 

Hedge Bindweed. The hedge bindweed (a larger flower 
Caiystegia sepium. than the European field bindweed), 
is very common throughout New England. In ap- 
pearance the flower is exactly like a pinky- white 
garden morning-glory, to which it is closely related ; 
but the leaf is quite different ; it is not heart- 
shaped, but looks more like an arrowhead. The 
pretty vine climbs over the hedges beside the road, 
and covers the unsightly brushwood with a glory 
of dainty white flower bells, whose delicate pink 
flush is unequaled by the tint of many a highly 
cultivated garden flower. But the bindweed is a 



; 'M 


\ V 


( \\ *i 


fe \ 7 


\ M 


Ijiv 


V 


^fJjttPv 


X 


--_ > ' 


^«F'' a fjf uf^m 




% « 




£^Hh 




v1 


ft ^ V ' 


* \ 




xE. 


ll ! IB 


J 


^ 


Ev 




. 


' 


i ^^PHR 



Dodder. 
Cuscuta Gronovii. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 135 

dangerous character to bring into the garden ; it is 
apt to choke everything it can get hold of, and it 
spreads with remarkable rapidity from year to year. 
The flowers begin to bloom in July. Our garden 
morning-glory (Ipomcea purpurea), with a heart- 
shaped leaf, comes from South America. 

Dodder. That most distressing weed which goes 

Cuscuta Gronovii. by the name of dodder is a plague 
which, in its disintegrating power, can only be com- 
pared to sin ! It works the greatest mischief if it 
gets within the confines of the garden. The little 
vine is parasitic, and it saps the energy of every 
plant it can fasten itself upon ! Celia Thaxter evi- 
dently had great trouble with it in her island garden. 
She speaks of it thus : " The plants emerge from the 
ground, each like a fine yellow hair, till they are an 
inch and a half or two inches long ; they reach with 
might and main toward the nearest legitimate-grow- 
ing plant, and when they touch it, cling like a limpet ; 
then they draw their other end up out of the ground 
and set up housekeeping for the rest of their lives. 
They adhere to the unhappy individual upon which 
they have fixed themselves with a grip that grows 
more and more horrible ; they suck all its juices, 
drink all its health and strength and beauty, and fling 
out trailers to the next, and the next, and the next, 
till the whole garden is a mass of ruin and despair." 



136 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



The slender wiry stems are light yellow-brown in 
color, and are destitute of leaves ; the flowers are 
dull white little things which grow in 
clusters at intervals on the twining 
stalk. Down East the weed grows 
in wet places, and covers shrubs and 
plants with a tangled mass of amber- 
colored threads which produce a 
rather pretty effect among the green. 
It flowers in early summer. It is a 
near relative of the morning-glory. 

Bedstraw. The little vine called 

Galium trifiorum. bedstraw has an in- 
teresting conventional leaf, but an 
inconspicuous white flower much less 
effective than sweet alyssum. The 
sweet-scented variety is common in 
the glades of the White Hills and in 
the thickets which border the rivers 
there. The flowers have, in my opin- 
ion, a sickening-sweet odor which is unpleasant. The 
vine is a pretty little thing, whose circularly arranged 
leaves give it a decorative look. The most extraor- 
dinary thing about bedstraw is the way it catches on 
everything it touches ; the microscope will tell the 
reason why. In my frequent walks to a secluded 
spot on the brink of the beautiful Pemigewasset 




Galium. 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 137 

River, where one may indulge in a refreshing bath 
on a hot July day, I pass through a belt of shrubbery 
so thick with bedstraw that the odor is overpowering, 
and advance is checked by the sticky vine which at 
every point catches on one's clothing. 

Poison Ivy. On the meadows which border the 

Rhus Toxicodendron, same river will be seen, all through 
the summer, the drooping three-leafed vine called 
poison ivy, or mercury. Gray says it is a vile 
pest, and I perfectly agree with his estimate of its 
character. It poisons some people dreadfully. Al- 
though I had many a time touched the leaves with 
my fingers without experiencing any ill effect, at last 
came a miserable experience : a bit of the wretched 
plant came in contact with the more sensitive skin, 
which is very different from the callous cuticle of the 
finger-tips, and the poison began to act like fire a few 
days afterward ; nothing but cloths saturated with 
Pond's Extract (witch-hazel) seemed to be of any use 
in alleviating the burning, itching sensation. But 
some persons are poisoned by even passing through a 
district where the ivy grows ; so it is best to avoid it al- 
together. Curiously enough, an extract of Rhus Toxi- 
codendron is a homoeopathic specific for skin diseases. 
It has a very smooth, fresh green leaf, with an un- 
varnished surface, which always occurs in threes, and 

therefore should not be mistaken for the Yirginia 
10 



138 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), which is a five- 
leafed vine. In the hills of New Hampshire the cold 
winters prevent any woody growth of the poison ivy, 
and the vine trails at one's feet over meadow and 
roadside ; but near Boston I have seen stone walls 
covered with the woody branches which had attained 
a tall and shrublike appearance. In autumn the clus- 
ters of small gray berries are rather decorative, and 
the leaves turn a pretty red. I have more than once 
found the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica) grow- 
ing side by side with the ivy. . 

The beautiful clematis vine hangs in 
Clematis, or 
Virgin's Bower, festoons from the trees, and covers 

Clematis the stone walls beside the roads which 

follow the river courses among the 

hills of New Hampshire. For that matter it grows 

everywhere, and is quite as common in the Berkshire 

country and in the vicinity of northern New Jersey. 

The little flower has four greenish- white sepals which 

look like petals, and a great number of stamens ; it 

grows in beautiful, graceful clusters. In the fall the 

gray plumes of the flowers gone to seed are very 

striking, and the hoary appearance of the vine at 

this season suggested the name old man's beard. The 

vine supports itself by a twist in the leaf stem ; it is 

curious to note the turn of these stems, which actually 

revolve in as short a space of time as the tips of 



JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 



139 



the morning-glory vine. Certainly clematis is one of 
the most lovely vines which grow wild on our country 
highways and 
by - ways ; in 
August it is 
covered with 
dainty clusters 
of starry blos- 
soms, and in 
October it is ar- 
rayed in the silver 
gray of its plumed 
seed vessels. It will 
bear transplanting, 
and flourishes in the cold- 
est climate. Nothing is 
prettier than its graceful 
branches decorating a rus- 
tic fence. It flowers in 
midsummer. Mme. Edou- 
ard Andre is a new variety 
of the vine in cultivation 
with handsome reddish 
flowers. C. graveolens is 
a variety cultivated from 
Thibet with yellow flowers. 
C. paniculata is a beautiful 




140 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

species in cultivation, with flowers somewhat similar 
in appearance to the wild variety, but more luxuriant 
in growth ; it comes from Japan. C. Jackmanni is a 
violet-blue flowered variety also in cultivation, whose 
blossoms are two inches or more broad. 




Hoary Plume of the Clematis, or Old Man's Beard. 



CHAPTER X. 

JUNE TO OCTOBER. 
Poppy to Love-in-a-Mist. 

The Poppy. The Poppy family is so large and so 
Papaver. varied in type that a garden filled 

with all the different varieties would present an as- 
tonishing picture of contrasting forms and colors 
from the 1st of June until the middle of October. 
Yet, notwithstanding this fact, there are few who 
allow the family a fair representation in their gar- 
dens. Our knowledge of poppies, therefore, is gen- 
erally confined to a very few varieties. 

Gray says we have no truly wild species ; all our 
poppies come from the Old World ; but he mentions 
a variety (P. diibium) which has run wild in fields in 
Pennsylvania. In England and Scotland, and even in 
Italy, the graceful, single, scarlet poppy is commonly 
seen growing wild, especially in fields where wheat 
is sown. I have gathered quantities of the flowers 
in waste places within the walls of Pome. It seems 
strange that this easy-growing annual has not obtained 



142 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

the same strong foothold in our own country. For 
six years I have picked strong and healthy poppies in 
a certain part of my garden, where, after the first 
sowing, the seed has taken the matter into its own 
hands ; but the flower has not yet consented to the 
degenerate estate of a weed like its European com- 
panions — toadflax, chicory, viper's bugloss, and tansy. 

The classification of poppies in the seedsmen's cata- 
logues is somewhat confusing ; as a rule, they present 
three divisions — Ranunculus, Pseony, and Carnation. 
The two last-mentioned varieties may be included 
under the general name which Gray uses, P. somnif- 
erum, or opium poppy. The first-mentioned variety 
may be included under Gray's name, P. Phceas, or 
corn poppy, of Europe. There is also a perennial 
variety, called P. orientale, or Oriental poppy, which 
is mentioned by the seedsmen as well as by Gray. 
Under these three names we may include all the 
commoner varieties of poppies which we may find in 
the garden. 

The less common varieties are P. nudicaule, or 
Iceland poppy (perennial) ; P. glaucium, or tulip 
poppy ; and the more distant family connections, 
Argem,one Mexicana, or prickly poppy, and Esch- 
scholtzia Calif arnica, or California poppy. I might 
add that our Sanguinaria Canadensis, or blood-root, 
is a near relative of the poppy. 



JUNE TO OCTOBER. 



143 



The seedsmen use the 
names Ranunculus, Paso- 
ny, and Carnation merely 
to distinguish the types 
of certain flowers ; thus, 
one flower bears a resem- 
blance to the garden ra- 
nunculus, another to the 
pseony, and another to 
the carnation. That these types are 
very distinct, an examination of the 
petals will abundantly prove. My 
drawing of the poppy called Rosy 
Morn is an example of a paeony- 
shaped flower ; the daintier Mikado 
and Fairy Blush are examples of 
carnation-shaped flowers. The Shi 
ley and the Double French 
poppies belong to the Ranun- 
culus division. 

The poppy is an extraor- 
dinarily beautiful flower ; it 
would be partial for me to 
recommend any particular vari- 
ety ; but if I were asked which 
one seemed to be the most 
beautiful, I think I should be 




Rosy Morn Poppy. 



144 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



inclined to answer, Fairy Blush ; but then would come 
a feeling of regret at the injustice done Rosy Morn, 
Eider Down, Bride, and New Cardinal. Still, the 
Fairy Blush is a most perfect beauty, whose creamy 
white delicately penciled with 
the purest strong pink is 
transcendently lovely. I have 
grown specimens in my gar- 
den which measured four 
inches across.* The Kosy 
Morn grows even larger, and 
possesses a wealth of warm pink which 
rivals many a rose. But I could not 
exceed Celia Thaxter in her admira- 
tion for the glorious poppy, and I can 
not do better than quote what she says 
in An Island Garden: "I think for 
wondrous variety, for certain pictur- 
esque qualities, for color and form, 
and a subtile mystery of character, 
poppies seem . . . the most satisfac- 
tory flowers among the annuals. . . . 
They are the tenderest lilac, richest scarlet, white 
with softest suffusion of rose — all shades of rose — 




Mikado Poppy. 



* This Fairy Blush poppy was raised from seed obtained from 
Mr. W. Atlee Burpee, of Philadelphia. 



JUNE TO OCTOBER. 



145 



clear light pink with sea-green center, 
the anthers in a golden halo about it ; 
black and fire-color ; red that is deep- 
ened into black, with gray reflections, 
cherry-color with a cross of creamy 
white at the bottom of the cup, and 
round its central altar of ineffable 
golden green again the halo of yellow 
anthers. . . . Oh, these white poppies, 
some with petals more delicate than 
the finest tissue paper, with centers of 
bright gold, some of thicker quality, 
large shell-like petals, almost ribbed in 
their effect, their green knob in the 
middle like a boss upon a shield, rayed 
about with beautiful grayish-yellow sta- 
mens, as in the kind called the Bride. 
Others — they call this kind the Snow- 
drift — have thick double flowers, deep- 
ly cut and fringed at the edges, the 
most opaque white, and full of exqui- 
site shadows. Then there are the Ice- 
landers, which Lieutenant Peary found 
making gay the frosty fields of Green- 
land, in buttercup-yellow and orange 
and white ; the great Orientals, gor- 
geous beyond expression ; and the im- 



^ 



Shirley Poppy. 



146 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

mense single white California variety. ... As for 
the Shirleys, they are children of the dawn, and in- 
herit all its delicate, vivid, delicious suffu- 
sions of rose-color in every conceivable 
shade. The Thorn Poppy {Argemone) is a 
fascinating variety, most quaint in method 
of growth and most decorative." 

It seems as though there was nothing 
left to say about the color of poppies af- 
ter this ; yet we see the Fairy Blush and 
the New Cardinal are not mentioned ! So 
great is the variety of individual types that 
it would be nearly impossible for one to be- 
come well acquainted with them all. Some 
specimens of the pretty little globe-shaped 
variety, called Japanese Pom- 
pon, look as if they were spun 
from the most delicate, soft 

seed pod. 

China silk. The single Shirley 
is a variety from which every bit of black 
blood has been eliminated ; so they possess 
the daintiest and palest tints. The Ice- 
land poppies are glorious in yellow and 
orange, and Umbrosum is a rich scarlet "seed po5 Py 
with a black cross at the base. Argemone 
(a Mexican variety) is a dainty white flower with a 
golden center, and the most delicate transparent flower 




JUNE TO OCTOBER. 



147 



I can think of is the semi-double white poppy belong- 
ing to the Ranunculus division ; this is as fair as the 
daintiest wild rose. 

The character of the foliage in the two divisions, 
Ranunculus and Pseony (carnation is the same with 

the pseony), is entirely dif- 
ferent. The leaves of the 
former variety are grass- 
green and round-edged ; 
the leaves of the latter 
clasp the stem, are a light 
cabbage-green, smooth, with sharp- 
pointed edges, and have an extremely 
decorative form, not unlike the fa- 
mous acanthus leaf which furnished 
inspiration to the Greek artists in the 
designing of the most beautiful capital 
for a column the world has ever seen. 

The opium poppy, which is culti- 
vated in India and Persia, has white 
petals and white seeds ; I consider the 
single flower, called Flag of Truce, 
typical of this variety. The opium 
poppy cultivated in Asia Minor has purplish flowers 
and black seeds. 

The charming California poppy receives its name 
from a German naturalist by the name of Esch- 




Flag: of Truce 
>oppy. 



148 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



sclioltz ; it possesses the most brilliant and perfect yel- 
low and orange in existence. ~No flower can equal it in 
color, and the artist's paint box contains no pigment 
which can approach it within " hailing distance." It 
has a range of bright hues 
from pure yellow to deep 
orange, and a cream-yellow 
white which is exceedingly 
soft and beautiful. The pe- 
culiar little pointed calyx 
rests extinguisher-like on the 
flaming yellow petals, and is 
forced off whole as the flow- 
er expands. Although the 
flower is common in Califor- 
nia and grows there in great 
abundance as a wild flower 
without value, it is prized 
very highly in the East as a 
garden annual. 

The tree poppy (Dendro- 
m.econ rigidwni) of California is six or eight feet 
high and bears brilliant yellow flowers, not unlike 
Eschscholtzia, nearly three inches broad. This is re- 
markable as a shrubby plant belonging to an almost 
wholly herbaceous family, the Papaveracece. 

. The poppy is extensively employed in the conven- 




Eschscholtzia. 



JUNE TO OCTOBER. 149 

tional ornament of India, and one of the most beauti- 
ful finial ornaments in Gothic architecture is called 
the poppy-head. 

Argemone is not as familiar an object in the garden 
as one might wish. The variety called AZbiflora is the 
only one commonly cultivated ; this has large white 
flowers with yellow anthers. The yellow variety pro- 
duces pretty flowers not as brilliant in color as Esch- 
scholtzia, and therefore less frequently met with in 
the garden. But the pity of it is that poppies are 
such ephemeral characters. Burns says very truly in 
Tarn o' Shanter : 

" But pleasures are like poppies spread, 
You seize the flower, its bloom is shed." 

Pot Marigold. T]ie P ot marigold, or calendula, is a 
Calendula common garden flower which, in my 

oj/icina s. es ti m ation, is not half appreciated. 
The name calendula is suggestive ; it comes from the 
Latin calendce, first day of the month. It is a fact 
that the calendula will bloom through each month. 
It has a most extraordinary power of supply, and 
from July until late in November, if it is protected 
from frost, it will continue to bloom with unabating 
vigor. It will also bloom in the greenhouse all win- 
ter and through the following spring. 

Its orange and yellow are superb and vie with the 



150 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



magnificent hues of the Eschscholtzia / nothing can 
surpass the royal color of the Prince of Orange, and 
no yellow is purer and stronger 
than that of the lemon or sul- 
phur calendula. The Meteor is 
beautifully striped with pump- 
kin-orange on a yellow ground, 
and Trianon is a bright-yellow 
flower with a brown boss in the 
center. My favorite variety is 
the pale-tinted Le Proust, which 
has a dark center and a circle of 
closely packed, light yellow-buff 
rays. Like the nasturtium, the 
calendula produces an unlimited 
supply of flowers on the condi- 
tion that the blossoms must be 
continually picked. 
It is a pity that the plant is generally considered 
an ill-scented one ; even Gray mentions this little 
drawback. But I like the smell of calendulas; it is 
herby and grateful — at least to my olfactory nerves. 
Perhaps this may be on account of a long-continued 
acquaintance with the flower, but it is a significant 
fact that those who really love Nature's beautiful 
things take few exceptions to her peculiarities, and I 
will admit that the smell of the calendula is peculiar. 




Le Proust Calendula. 



JUNE TO OCTOBER. 151 

However, if we choose, we may easily cultivate a 
catholicity of taste which at least will exempt us 
from the danger of one which is prudish. The Eng- 
lish use the calendula to flavor their soups, and the 
leaves are also boiled down in fat for use as a healing 
salve. The term officinal, it might be well to men- 
tion just here, is applied to plants which have a com- 
mercial value, and are commonly on sale. As a rule, 
many plants have officinal roots ; this is the case with 
the true sarsaparilla and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). 
But the calendula is more beautiful than it is useful, 
and the double varieties are extremely ornamental in 
the garden ; the petals, or rather corollas, are com- 
pactly fitted together, and are strap-shaped and resem- 
ble the close-fitting little feathers on the neck of a 
bird. What we call the seed of the flower — which is 
a dry, green, rough, curled-up little thing less than 
half an inch in length, with a general resemblance to a 
small green worm — is, botanically speaking, au akene 
or small, dry, one-seeded fruit which is usually mis- 
taken for a naked seed. But the akene is evidently 
more than the seed ; it includes the ripened pistil of 
the flower, and upon cutting it open the seed, with ics 
shell, is found complete within. The akenes of the 
calendula all belong to the ray flowers ; the disk 
flowers are sterile. In "the immense Composite fam- 
ily of which the calendula is a member, all the so- 



152 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



called seeds are akenes. A naked seed is instanced 

by that of the portulaca in the Purslane family, 

where we will find it carefully tucked away with 

many companions in a tiny box with a. lid. 

m In the Gaillardia of our gardens we 

Gaillardia, or ° 

Blanket Flower, really have a cultivated flower which 
Gaillardia i s our own — a native of our country. 

puleJiella. . . . . 

It originally came from Louisiana, 
and was first brought into France by M. Thouin, a 
professor of agriculture in Paris, 
in 1787. The plant was named 
for a M. Gaillardet, who was a 
patron of botany. It is a pretty 
flower in its single form, slightly 
resembling coreopsis, but is more 
highly colored than the latter 
flower ; its hues are varied in 
reds and deep and pale yellows. 
There is a handsome double vari- 
ety named G-. Lorenziana, whose 
flowers are mixed yellow and 
flame-color, and somewhat resem- 
ble small chrysanthemums. But 
I fancy the single varieties more. 
It is frequently the case that a 
beautiful single flower gains little or nothing by the 
doubling process. The charming G. amblyodon, of 




Gaillardia. 



JUNE TO OCTOBER. 



153 



a blood-red color, is now cultivated in our gardens, 
and is a native of Texas, where it grows in profu- 
sion on the banks of the Brazos. Another beautiful 
cultivated variety is Aurora Borealis, whose colors 
are gold, rich red, and white. G. aristata grows wild 
in Missouri and farther west, and has also come under 
cultivation. Its showy rays are either yellow through- 
out or are dashed with brownish purple at their base. 
G. lanceolata grows wild south- 
ward from Carolina, in the pine 
barrens, has narrow leaves, and 
flower heads with small yellow 
rays and brownish-purple disks. 
The G-aillardias are both perennials 
and annuals ; the varieties G. am- 
blyodon and G. pulchella are an- 
nuals. All are summer flowering 
plants. 

The summer chrv- 
Summer ,; 

Chrysanthemum. santhemum is a 
Chrysanthemum charming annual 

coronarium. 

held in high es- 
teem by the farmers' wives, par- 
ticularly in New England. In 
nearly every dooryard, where there 
are any flowers at all, we will be pretty sure to see 

in summer the Coronarium chrysanthemum. The 
11 




Summer Chrysanthe- 
mum, Burridgeanum. 



154 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



single varieties I do not fancy ; they are artificial- 
looking, but withal rather decorative. The double 
flowers are splendid in golden yellow and yellowish 
white, and the plants bloom with 
prodigal liberality. Of the single 
varieties I consider Burridgeanum, 
which is white with a crimson band 
and yellow toward the center, the 
most attractive. 

Love-in-a-Mist. Love - in - a - mist is 
Mgeiia Damascena. a peculiar character 
with wiry or misty foliage — which- 
ever you please to call it — and white 
or pale violet-white flowers which 
curiously nestle beneath the fine foli- 
age. It is rather a strange than a 
beautiful flower, but it deserves a 
place in the garden for variety's sake. It blooms 
throughout the summer, and is an annual which 
has long been a favorite with those who have a 
taste for the old-fashioned. 




Love-in a-Mist. 



CHAPTEK XL 

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND 
SEPTEMBER. 

Loosestrife to Jewelweed. 



Four-leaved 
Four-leaved 
- Loosestrife, loosestrife, as 

Lysimachia distinguished 

quadrifolia. „ , , 

from the oth- 
er common variety, which is 
called yellow loosestrife, may 
be identified by its leaves, 
which generally grow in 
fours on the stem at regu- 
lar intervals. The pretty 
little golden - yellow, star- 
shaped flowers, with a touch 
of rusty color between each 
point, grow out on a rather 
long, fine stem from the 
point where the leaf joins 
the main stalk. This loose- 
strife grows thick at the 

155 




Four-leaved Loosestrife. 



156 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

edge of the thickets which border the meadows of 
Campton, ~N. Ii. It is not a striking flower, but it 
attracts one by its tiny symmetry and pretty yellow 
color. It blooms in early summer, and flourishes 
where the soil is sandy. There is a purple loose- 
strife {Lythrum Salicaria) which blooms in August, 
and is not quite so common as the yellow varieties. 
Its flowers are magenta, and the narrow petals are 
curved and twisted ; the leaves are lance-shaped. It 
grows in wet ground. 
Common Loosestrife. The common loosestrife grows in 

Lysimachia striata. j| Wj wet groun ^ an d maj easi l v be 

distinguished from the four-leaved variety by its 
branching habit and its flower cluster which termi- 
nates the stem ; it is also more leafy. The color 
effect of this flower, growing thickly beneath the 
scattered groups of low birch and elder-berry which 
dot the intervales in the White Mountain region, is 
very beautiful. The yellow color blends softly with 
the shadowy green of the foliage in July. I re- 
member no prettier sight than a long belt of loose- 
strife which skirts the shrubbery surrounding a re- 
treat to which the boys resort on the warm July 
days — the popular bathing place. Loosestrife may be 
found almost anywhere ; not only with the environ- 
ment just described, but on the banks of the beautiful 
rivers which wind through the Yermont hills, in the 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 157 

valley of the Hudson, beside the streams which flow 
through the Catskills, and in the immediate vicinity 
of Boston. It is interesting to 
know that the dainty, white star- 
flower is closely related to loose- 
strife. They both belong to the 
Primrose family. 
Turtle-head. The turtle-head 

Chelone glabra. ma y De f oun d 

with the same sur- 
roundings as the 
loosestrife, or per- 
haps down close by 
the river. It is a 
reserved character, 
and in this respect 
resembles the closed 
gentian in having a 
shut-up look ! Its 
flowers are white or 
pinkish, and bloom 
in August. It is a 
relative of the gar- 
den snap dragon. 
My sketch will be 
sufficient for its iden- 
tification. Turtle-head. 




158 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Tall Meadow-Eue. The beautiful tall meadow-rue be- 
Thahctrum Comuti. gj ns f- show its plumes of feathery 
white flowers in early summer when the yellow field 
lily is in full bloom. I call to 
mind a lovely spot on the mead- 
ows of Campton, N. H., 
where the graceful lilies 
hang their score of golden 
bells against a shady 
background of low 
birch which is lighted 
up here and there by 
the soft, white bloom 
of the tall mead- 
ow - rue ; such a 
picture one can 
not forget ; and the 
sleepy heat of a July 
day, the hum of insects, the 
buzz of a lazy bumblebee, 
and the rustling of tall grass 
disturbed by the flight of a 
ground sparrow — these are 
all the living parts of a pic- 
ture in which the meadow-rue's tall and graceful 
figure stands supreme. The ornamental blue-green 
leaves are well worth close study, as they are charm- 




Tall Meadow- 
Rue. 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 159 



ingly decorative ; it is also interesting to notice how 
like they are to the leaves of the Anemonella thalic- 
troides. 

Early Meadow-Bue. There is another quite common 
Thaiictrum dioicum. meadow-rue (T. dioicuiri) which, it 
seems to me, ought to be called wood rue, as it near- 
ly always grows on the borders of the forest. This 
variety is about eighteen inches tall, and bears in- 
significant brownish-green flowers which fail to at- 
tract one when they appear in late spring. 

Thorn-Apple. The thorn-apple, so called on ac- 
Datura stramonium, count of its round, green, thorny 
fruit, is one of the rankest-smell- 
ing weeds in existence. It is 
only necessary for one to crush 
a leaf or stem between the fin- 
gers to be thoroughly assured of 
the fact that the weed is repul- 
sively rank — not attractively rank 
like the onion. Memory recalls 
a certain empty lot next to the 
house in which I lived in Brook- 
lyn where there was a rubbish 
heap pretty well ornamented with this white-flow- 
ered Datura. I transplanted some of the weed in 
my garden, and was ridiculed for the bad taste dis- 
played in liking such a rank thing ; but the flowers 




Thorn-Apple Blossom. 



160 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

were beautiful to my boyish eyes, and now the mag- 
nificent D. cornucopia, which is but a recent highly 
cultivated variety of the same flower, is greatly sought 
after by those who wish to ornament their gardens. 
The flower has a long, tubular five-pointed corolla set 
in a long, light-green calyx. It blooms in early sum- 
mer, and is a familiar object in open lots around New 
York and the cities of northern New Jersey. I never 
found it in New Hampshire. 

The spreading dogbane is so corn- 
Spreading r tote 

Dogbane. mon all over the country in thickets 
Apocynum and woody dells that one can not fail 

androscemifolium. . . 

to find it without the ertort 01 a reg- 
ular search. It is easy to identify the small, loose 
clusters of tiny, pinky-white, bell-shaped flowers 
which resemble lilies-of-the-valley, and grow on 
a bush that bears smallish, oval, dull, light-green 
leaves ; on breaking off a stem it exudes a sticky 
milk-white juice, as the milkweed does. The flowers 
are quite as beautiful as many small garden favorites, 
and in my estimation they are individually more at- 
tractive by reason of their delicious dainty pink flush 
than the lily-of-the-valley. This seems flat heresy, 
but in defense of the preference for a common wild 
flower I would venture to predict that if some horti- 
culturist should succeed in producing a lily-of-the- 
valley with the dainty pink coloring of the dogbane, 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 161 

such a flower with its charming perfume would be 
wildly admired by every lover of flowers. Such is 
the disadvantage of the wild flower that its beauty is 
discounted if it has not reached an abnormal devel- 




Spreading Dogbane. 



opment, and its charms are unheeded if it does not 
throw out a perfume strong enough to entice the 



162 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



passer-bj. The dogbane blooms 
in early summer, and it is often 
found in the company of the 
milkweed. 

Common Milkweed. The com- 
Asdepias Cor nut L nion milk- 
weed needs no introduc- 
tion ; its pretty pods of 
white silk are familiar to 
every child, who treas- 
ures them until the time 
comes when the place 
in which they are 
stowed away ^\\\ j.»// 
is one mass \ \ 




Milkweed Down. 



of bewil- 
dering, un- 
manageable 
white fluff. Then 
there are vague 
talks about stuff- 
ing pillows and all 
that sort of thing ; 
but the first attempt 
to manipulate the law- 
less, airy down usually 
results in disastrous 
confusion, and whole 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 163 

masses go floating away on the slightest zephyr. 
Of course, there is more fun in chasing milkweed 
down than in patiently 'stuffing a pillow ; so the 
milkweed has its own way and goes sailing off to 
scatter its seeds hither and thither, and the pillow, 
perhaps, is filled with the aromatic balsam fir. But, 
before the last tiny tuft of silk has escaped with 
its balancing brown seed, we must place it under 
the microscope and examine the bronze-colored seed 
and the strange downy sail. Can one imagine any- 
thing more perfect ? Place some bits of white sewing 
silk beside the sheeny silk of Nature, and the former 
will look like coarse, white rope. Gray must have 
been puzzled to know how to describe the color of 
the milkweed's flowers ; what a predicament for Na- 
ture to put a color-blind botanist in ! She has evi- 
dently mixed up all the colors on her palette and 
painted the beautiful blossoms in absolutely neutral 
tints. Gray does not stop to analyze the color, but 
dismisses the matter by labeling the flower " dull 
greenish purplish." Now, if we will take the paint 
box and mix pure green and pure purple together, 
and then throw in a tiny bit of black to get the 
" dull " effect, we will not approach the color of the 
milkweed's flower. No, Nature did not produce her 
color that way ; the flower is neither green nor pur- 
ple, nor a mixture of those colors, but is a neutralized 



164: FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




Milkweed. 



brown, so we must call it brown, with modifications 
which fit the case. My modification, then, would be 
pale lavender brown, with a few touches of pale- 
brown lavender. For the in- 
dorsement of my statement I 
must refer to the microscope ; 
under it the colors will show 
themselves definitely, and the 
flower will also prove to be 
exquisitely formed. The milk- 
weed is in blossom during the 
early part of the summer ; its 
heavy perfume is cloying ; in other words, it is alto- 
gether too sweet. 

Butterfly Weed. The butterfly weed is a variety of 
Asdepias tuberosa. milkweed which is very common 
through New England, particularly in the vicinity 
of Cape Cod. It grows in dry sandy places, blooms 
in midsummer, and stains the pas- 
tures with a brilliant orange-color, 
which, I should think, would set a 
colorist of the impressionist school 
quite wild. The shape of the flow- 
ers is almost exactly like that of the 
common milkweed ; but, unlike the latter plant, the 
stems and stalks when broken do not exude a plenti- 
ful supply of sticky u milk." I have drawn the seed 




Floating Seed of But- 
terfly Weed. 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 165 




pod, which is slenderer than that of common milk- 
weed, and more interesting ; it bursts later, and holds 
on its ragged-looking contents bet- 
ter, thus giving the dried and 
shriveled plant a weird appearance, 
suggestive of a wild, gray-haired 
witch. 

Harebell. The daint J harebell, 
Campanula which looks so frail 

rotundifolia. ,-i , ., 

J that it seems as 
though a cold gust of wind might 
wither its transparent blue and 
break its delicate stem, is one of 
the hardiest of all our smaller wild 
flowers. This flower is, in fact, no 
other than the rugged bluebell of Scotland. It will 
be found blooming in the meadows in early June, 
and northward it can be gathered on the mountain 
tops as late as September. I have found perfect 
specimens on the slopes of Mount Washington and 
on the edges of the rocky cliffs which flank the 
southern side of Mount "Willard, in the Crawford 
Notch, as late as the 20th of September. The pretty 
little blue, pointed bells can be often seen hanging over 
a precipice and swinging at every passing breeze with a 
fearlessness which one would expect in a larger flower 
with a bolder aspect. But goats and bluebells are 



Seed pod of the Butter- 
fly Weed. 



166 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




Harebell. 



quite at home on rocky preci- 
pices, and it would take more 
than a cyclone to disturb the 
sure footing of either. I 
have seen a little plant, eight 
inches high, bend its wiry 
stem prone beneath the blast, 
and yet the half dozen flower 
bells it held were not broken 
off nor injured. Those of us 
whose gardens have been vis- 
ited by the sudden gale which 
will sometimes precede a 
thunderstorm know what sad 
havoc it works among flow- 
ers which have every appear- 
ance of strength. But it is 
the stout oak which falls with 
a crash in a high wind which 
only bends the supple reed. 
The harebell was built to 
stand the mountain storm. 
The flower has a beautiful 
purple color, scarcely ap- 
proaching blue ; this color is 
so charmingly graduated 
within the bell that in its 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 167 



depths it is misty-looking. The color of the anthers 
and the stamens, five in number, are surprisingly 

pretty when viewed 




through 



glass ; 



nifying 

the stems and 
leaves are wiry 
and tough ; but 
the tenderer 
round leaf, from 
which the plant gets its botan- 
ical name, springs directly from 
the root and dies early. 

Self-heal. The very famil- 

Brunella vulgaris. j ar p^stv - STeen 

heads of this small blue (more 
correctly blue-purple) flower 
called self-heal are 
ever present be- 
side the road and 
on the edge of 
the pasture. All summer long 
the tireless little flower blossoms 
almost anywhere we may hap- 
pen to look. It is provoking to see a common thing 
so constantly and yet not to know its name ; and I 
venture to say there are but few of us who recognize 



Brunella 



168 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

it as Brunella. But one can claim only a scraping 
acquaintance with a flower who knows it by sight 
and by name ; Brunella, I think, deserves more at- 
tention. If a good specimen is placed under the mi- 
croscope, it will reveal quite a pretty little face. 
We can not see its perfect form without the glass ; 
the upper part is hooded over, and the lower has a 
flange on either side and a lip below which seem 
to invite the passing bumblebee to step in and take 
a sip of honey. There is pretty nearly always a 
yellow-striped visitor hanging on one of these purple 
flowers of the self-heal ; his head is buried up to 
his ears in the tiny corolla, and we must shake him 
off if we wish to get a close view of the pretty little 
stamens and pistil which are encircled by the minia- 
ture, soft purple throat. The flower is in bloom 
from June to October. 

Common The common meadow-sweet is com- 

Meadow-Sweet. mon enough in some places, but rare 

Spiraea salici folia. ,i t "L c j • l • 

r J m others. 1 have never found it in 

the southern Catskills nor in the northern part of 
New Jersey, although I dare say it grows in both 
localities. In my estimation, a flower is common when 
you see it without the slight exertion of looking for 
it. I have never looked for the flower in the locali- 
ties mentioned ; but experiences differ, and some peo- 
ple are fortunate in finding things which are not com- 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 169 

mon, in very common places. One does not need to 
look for the soft plumes of the meadow-sweet in the 
moist nooks of the highways among the White Hills 
during the early summer ; they are before one's eyes 
everywhere. Damp ground or dry, it is all the same ; 
there is the pretty bush with its plume of pinkish-white 
flowers directly before us. I find it, too, quite as com- 
mon in the Berkshire country; and Dora Read Good- 
ale says : 

"... she follows every turn 
With spires of closely clustered bloom, 
And all the wildness of the place, 
The narrow pass, the rugged ways, 
But give her larger room. 

" And near the unfrequented road, 
By waysides scorched with barren heat, 
In clouded pink or softer white 
She holds the summer's generous light — 
Our native meadow-sweet ! " 

But it was a New England girl who wrote this, and 
very true it is so far as New England is concerned ; 
but look for the flower in the vicinity of Lake George, 
and the poetry does not apply. 

Hardback, or Hardhack, or steeple bush, is another 

steeple Bush. Spircea just a little different from 

Spiran tomentosa. meadow _ sweet The flowers are pink . 

er, the plume is perpendicular and sharp-pointed, the 

under side of the leaves and also the brown stems are 
12 



170 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



«2 



cottony-looking, and the terminal bloom is 
more apt to look brown and faded below 
and fresh above. Gray says the flowers 
are rose-purple in color ; this is not cor- 
rect, as the term rose-purple is anom- 
alous ; rose-color (if one may be per- 
mitted to repeat so indefinite a term) 
is usually pure pink, and pink is re- 
moved from a purplish tint by an 
unavoidably intermediate crimson 
one. So Gray evidently means ma- 
genta-pink. But the flowers are 
not this color ; they vary in a 
range of pink between the ver- 
milion kind and the crimson 
kind. I am absolutely explicit 
in thus naming the color ; the 
pink never approaches purple 
nearer than the crimson point. 
One glance at the tiny haw- 
thornlike flowers through the 
magnifying glass is a wonder- 
ful revelation : we involunta- 
rily express some surprise that 
Nature should take so much 
pains about the detail of such 
a tiny thing; what a waste of 



JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 171 




energy ! — a sin- 
gle spike of the 
fussy, insignifi- 
cant flowers is 
transformed into 
the semblance of 
a peach tree in 
full bloom ; but 
there is a family 
likeness here, for 
both hardhack 
and peach belong 
to the Rose fam- 
ily. Thus does 
the commonplace 
flower which we 
have passed with 

indifference all summer long 

become interesting. 

The jewel-weed 



Jewel-Weed 



Jewel-weed, or 

Touch-me-not. is common every 

Impatiens pallida, where j it 
Impatiens fulva. 



may 
be found beside 
the horse trough, or overhanging the spring, or in 
some shady dell where a tiny stream flows sluggishly 
along through the soft ground. The weed frequent- 
ly has some bedstraw clinging to it, and it is always 



172 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

associated in my mind with the latter sweet-smelling 
vine, whose perfume is like sweet alyssum. But the 
flower of the jewel-weed is scentless, and is only 
pretty in color, which is a spotty orange-yellow ; it 
is so like the garden balsam that one is not surprised 
to learn that it is closely related to this favorite 
flower of our grandmothers' gardens. The variety 
called I. fulva is common South, and has deeper- 
colored flowers. Both varieties bloom all through 
the summer. 




Toadflax or Butter and Eggs. 
Linaria vulgaris. 



CHAPTEK XII. 

JULY TO OCTOBER. 
Toadflax to Bouncing Bet 

Toadflax, or Toadflax is 
Butter and Egg,. ^^ 

Linaria vulgaris. 

ty wild flower 
which is common everywhere, 
in the field and beside the 
road. The children's name 
for it, butter and eggs, so far 
as colors are concerned, is 
remarkably appropriate ; the 
blossom has an egg-orange- 
colored protuberance in the 
center with pale butter-col- 
ored flanges above and below. 
A full spike of the flower is 
very symmetrical, and a quan- 
tity of them closely grouped 
is a pretty sight indeed. The 
flowers have a cheery look, 




Toadflax. 



174 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

like the flock of daffodils on the margin of the lake 
which Wordsworth sang about ; but no one of our 
poets sings the praises of butter and eggs, and their 
dainty coloring brightens the dullness of waste places 
beside our highways in vain — yet not quite in vain, 
for the flower is a great favorite among the chil- 
dren. It is very common in the Catskills, but rather 
rare in the heart of the White Mountains. It deco- 
rates every empty city lot, and yet it is not a native 
of our country, but was brought here from Europe. 
It is in bloom from July until late October. 
Wild Blue Toadflax. There is another, blue-colored wild 
ZmaHa Canadensis, toadflax, common in the Middle 
States though rarely found down East, which is not 
nearly so pretty as its orange and yellow relative. 
It is pale blue-purple in color, has a rather scrawny 
flower stalk, and frequently lies prone on the ground 
with the small flowers more or less injured with 
dust and sand. This variety also blooms until late 
in October. Toad-flax is first cousin to the beautiful 
garden snapdragon {Antirrhinum majus), which is 
resplendent in purple, violet-blue, and transparent 
white. A. maurandioides is a Texan and Mexican 
variety in cultivation with violet flowers which spring 
from the leaf axils. A. Orontium is a pale purplish 
flower, and a weed of old gardens ; the plant is 
smaller than the preceding one. 



JULY TO OCTOBER. 



175 



Common Yarrow. 

Achillea 

Millefolium, 



Yarrow is 
the common- 
est kind of 
a common weed, whose gray- 
white flower heads are utter- 
ly unattractive even to those 
who profess to be fond of 
flowers. But, before passing 
the weed in disdain, it will 
be worth our while to pick a 
small piece and place it under 
the glass for closer inspec- 
tion. Ah ! what a change ! 
— the uninteresting weed at 
once assumes an attractive 
look. The little gray cen- 
ters, which are called the 
flower heads, are minutely 
and perfectly formed, and are 
as symmetrically arranged as 
the markings on what we 
call "brain coral." Around 
these flower heads are four, 
sometimes five, white rays. 
There is a pretty pink vari- 
ety of the yarrow, in which 
these rays instead of being 




Yarrow. 



176 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

white are delicately tinted with pink. I found this 
variety quite plentiful in an old cemetery in Camp- 
ton, N". H. The yarrow blooms from July until Oc- 
tober. It has a pleasant herby smell. 
Indian Tobacoo. The Indian tobacco (from which is 
Lobelia inflate obtained a noted quack medicine) is 
one of the least interesting of our blue wild flow- 
ers ; it is quite common in some of the poorest fields 
of New York and Massachusetts. I never happened 
to meet the plant in New Hampshire — one does not 
always find everything in one spot, and as the search 
was confined to a limited region in the latter State, I 
have no doubt that several varieties of Lobelia might 
be found there — but there is plenty of Indian tobac- 
co in the vicinity of Boston. This variety grows 
about one foot high and bears on the tip of the stem 
a number of purple flowers which resemble the culti- 
vated variety called L. erinus, which comes to us from 
the Cape of Good Hope. On the banks of the Pemige- 
wasset River, in shady places where the ground is wet, 
will be found the smaller Z. Kalmii ; this variety 
bears pretty little blue-purple flowers — much prettier 
and bluer than Indian tobacco. L. syphilitica is the 
largest variety of this flower, but, in my estimation, 
not the prettiest. Its flowers are pale and purplish ; 
and, although they are arranged showily on a stalk 
about twenty inches high, they can not be called 



JULY TO OCTOBER. 



177 



handsome, like their relative the cardinal 
flower. It is perfectly plain in this in- 
stance that color is the most important 
element of beauty in a flower. The 
Lobelias bloom in midsummer. 



Cardinal Flower. 

Lobelia cardinalis. 



The magnificent red 



of the cardinal 
flower fully entitles it to its 
name. There is no other wild 
flower which approaches it 
in color. In August the 
flower is in its prime, and it 
will be found in marshy 
ground and on the edge of 
the pasture, where the par- 
tial shade of the neighboring 
woods relieves the bright red 
in a very charming fashion. 
I have found the flower 
in the Catskills, but 
never in the White 
Mountains ; it is com- 
mon in the Berkshires, 
and grows here and 
there over the country 
in a latitude, generally 
speaking, not north of 




Cardinal Flower. 



178 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

Albany. But, again, I must claim that this is a limi- 
tation based only upon personal experience. At any 
rate, I do not consider the flower common, as I have 
searched for it in vain in many of the moist meadows 
of New Hampshire. The brilliant blossom is pecul- 
iarly formed ; it has two narrow lateral flanges, and 
beneath these droop the three broader points of the 
lower lip ; above this the corolla tube sticks straight 
out with a touch of yellow at its tip. This tube is so 
narrow and long that the bees have no luck in the 
hunt for honey ; it is very amusing to see how both- 
ered they are about getting in — of course they have 
to give it up ! Then a humming bird comes along, 
balancing himself before the slender tube, and easily 
licks all the honey out with his long tongue. 

The beautiful, brilliant flower is so often seen 
beside a pool of water that Dr. Holmes's verse 
exactly describes its environment : 

" The cardinal, and the blood-red spots, 

Its double in the stream ; 
As if some wounded eagle's breast, 

Slow throbbing o'er the plain, 
Had left its airy path impressed 

In drops of scarlet rain." 

Wild Sunflower. By the middle of summer the wild 
Heiianthus giganteus. sunflower appears here and there 
beside the road, with its light-yellow disks lighting 
up the shadows which are cast by the neighboring 



JULY TO OCTOBER. 179 

trees and brightening for a season the dense leafy 
growth which fills the nooks and corners of the 
wayside. The plant grows about four feet high, 




Wild Sunflower. 

and has rather narrow, dark-green leaves which have 
a rough feeling. The flower is at the most only 
three inches in diameter ; its center is a deeper yellow 
than the rays, and often a trifle greenish. My im- 
pression of the general appearance of this wild sun- 
flower is that it is prolific in green leaves and sparing 



180 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



in yellow flowers, in this respect showing a great con- 
trast with its cultivated garden relative (a flower of 

the same size) called Sut- 
ton's Miniature. This 
last-named variety is as 
abundant in golden bloom 
as it is in shiny, birchlike 
leafage. But, between 
the two varieties, perhaps 
the wild sunflower is 
more dainty and delicate 
in both color and form; 
its fault is rather that we 
do not see enough of it. 
Tansy. Tansy is the 




Tanacetum vulgare. 



very common 



yellow flower which looks like 
a thick cluster of ox-eye daisies 
with the white rays all picked 
off. The name comes from its 
character of durability ; it is a 
corruption of Athanasia, meaning un- 
dying. It blooms and smells strong 
all summer, and, dried, lasts and 
smells stronger all winter. The plant is gathered by 
the country folk, who dry it in the kitchen and make 
a perfectly vile tasting tea of its leaves, which is said 



Tansy. 



JULY TO OCTOBER. 



181 



r^ 



to be excellent in assisting measles " to come out " on 
the children who are suffering with it in an incipient 
stage. Alas for the children ! — the cure is nearly as 
bad as the disease. Tansy grows everywhere, and one 
can easily find it by the 
road or in the field. It 
came here from Europe. I 
never found any in the 
Pemigewasset Yalley, but it 
is common in every village in 
Massachusetts ; it is also plenti- 
ful in the region of the Catskill 
Mountains. Its aromatic smell 
is far from unpleasant. 

Wild Carrot. The wild carrot, 

Daucus Carota. SO metimes called 
bird's nest, is a familiar flower 
of every wayside and pasture. 
Its head of grayish green- white 
flowers is broad and concave 
at the top, and before it has 
quite reached maturity it is 

hollowed exactly like a bird's nest ; so the flower is 
appropriately named. Under the magnifying glass 
the tiny flowers at once lose all appearance of confu- 
sion, and reveal a regularity of growth quite unex- 
pected by the casual observer ; the little petals are 




Wild Carrot. 



182 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



more or less unequal, but not enough so to make the 
flowers look deformed ; on the margin of the cluster 
they are large and more perfect. There is a certain 
intricacy in the details of the plant 
which makes one think it looks fussy; 
but this idea is relinquished as soon as 
it is examined under the glass, and we 
are impressed with the fact that Na- 
ture's handiwork, when it comes to 
little things, is simply exquisite. The 
wild carrot was brought to this country 
from Europe, and is common in New 
York State and in many localities down 
East ; but I have found very few speci- 
mens in New Hampshire. It flowers 
in midsummer, and its general resem- 
blance to caraway at once points to the 
fact that the two plants are closely re- 
lated. 

Mullein. The mullein, whose 

Verbascum Thapsus. rU gg e d perpendicular 

stalk is seen rising from its stony set- 
ting in a hillside pasture, is a familiar 
object with every one, North and South. 
Here, again, is another native of the 
Old World. It is a strange circumstance that many 
of our most familiar summer wild flowers are not 




Pearly Everlasting. 
Anaplialis margaritacea. 



JULY TO OCTOBER. 183 

American, while those that are do not, as a rule, fre- 
quent the roadsides or the waste places around our 
cities. The steeple bush and the cardinal flower, for 
instance, prefer the open country ; but tansy, chicory, 
wild carrot, thorn-apple, and toadflax are veritable 
tramps who keep company with each other on the 
outskirts of every town and city. But the mullein 
prefers the pasture land, where, on the edge of some 
hillock, it often poses for the artist in a picturesque 
costume of pale yellow and green, with its feet hid- 
den among the gray stones, and its head relieved by 
the somber background of a gray thundercloud. 
Nothing is softer or more delicate in color than the 
pale-green, velvety leaves when they first appear 
above ground. The flowers bloom all summer. 

Chicory. Chicory is one of our prettiest blue 

dchorium intybus. fl owe rs ; it is blue enough to call it 
blue, although I must call attention to the fact that 
blue in a pure state does not exist on the petal of 
any flower, wild or cultivated. I might with justice 
except the familiar forget-me-not, whose quality of 
color is very nearly a pure one. But chicory some- 
times shows a very good blue, so we will not quarrel 
. with it. The little flower straps are* singularly 
like those of the dandelion, and this fact betrays its 
close relationship with the latter flower. Not only 
these straps, but the center of the flower (the stamens 



184 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




and styles) looks very much like 
the dandelion. Under the micro- 
scope the chicory blossom shows 
a charming misty purple -blue 
color which one wishes might 
be oftener seen among our wild 
flowers. It is common in west- 
ern New York and in many 
parts of New Jersey ; but Gray 
says it is "mainly east," mean- 
ing east, possibly, of such a point 
as Buffalo. However, in many 
localities north and northeast of 
Boston it is quite absent. It can 
be found in almost any empty 
lot in either Brooklyn or Phila- 
delphia, but I have never seen it 
in the hill country south of the 
White Mountains, or in the vi- 
cinity of Lake Cham plain. It 
blooms from June to Octo- 
ber. Endive (O. Endivid), the 
slightly bitter root leaves of 
which make an excellent 
salad, is a very 
near relative of 
the blue chicory. 



JULY TO OCTOBER. 



185 



Common Everlasting is so well known by 

every one that it needs no descrip- 

Gnaphalium 

poiycepMium. tion here ; yet the 

little white flowers are so much like 

miniature pond lilies under the micro- 
scope that the resemblance is amus- 
ing, and the regularly formed little 

thing becomes beautiful ; but what 

appears to be tiny white petals are 

in reality a number of scales called 

the involucre, or flower envelop ; 

the central whitish or yellow part 

constitutes the flower head. An 

analysis of this under a rather 

powerful glass is quite interesting. 

The plant is conspicuous in every 

field by its cottony foliage, which is 

pale sage-green in color. Pearly 

everlasting (Anaphalis marga- 

ritacea) has a broader flower 

cluster, is generally whiter, and 

grows in dry fields and near the 

woods. 

The bur-mari- 
gold is a wretch- 
ed weed with 

rather pretty conventional leafage, but unattractive 
13 



Bur-Marigold, or 
Beggar-ticks. 

Bidens frondosa. 




Everlasting. 



186 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

rusty-yellow flowers without rays. The seed vessels 
are barb-pointed and catch on one's clothes and in the 
wool of sheep, and are thus transported to different 
localities. I remember 
spending " oceans " of 
time divesting my woolen 
stockings of the thorny 
little objects, which I had 
gathered unawares in the 
passage through a pasture 
on a certain slope of the 
White Hills. A knicker- 
bocker suit is undoubtedly 
best adapted to mountain 
tramps, but one is a " tramp " 
in reality if his stockings en- 
counter the magic touch of the 
beggar-ticks. Each separate seed 
vessel demands individual atten- 
tion ; brushes are of no avail. 
The bur -marigold blooms in 
August. 

There is another variety, called 1 en Loides. an 

B. ehrysanthemoides, which bears 
pretty yellow-rayed flowers about two inches in di- 
ameter which resemble coreopsis; the bur-marigold, 
in fact, is closely related to the coreopsis and sun- 




JULY TO OCTOBER. 



187 




Bouncing Bet. 



Bouncing Bet, 
or Soapwort. 

Saponaria 



flower, and the general resemblance of all three may 
be accounted for as a family likeness. JB. chrysan- 
themoides grows in wet places and reaches a height 
of about two feet. 

Bouncing Bet 
comes to us 
from Europe; 
she is a culti- 
vated rather than a wild 
character. Still, she has 
escaped the confines of the gar- 
den, and may be found any day 
in summer basking in the sunshine 
beside the road and in the vicinity of 
some old homestead. The flowers are 
the most delicate crimson pink imagi- 
nable — a tint so light that we might 
call it a pinkish white. It is well to 
notice that the joints of the plant have 
a swollen appearance ; this is a char- 
acteristic feature of members of the Pink family, 
to which the soapwort belongs. The plant grows 
from one to two feet high. 



CHAPTEE XIII. 

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 
Petunia to Tritoma. 

Petunia. The g ar( ^ en annual petunia gets its 

P. nyctaginiflora name from petun, the aboriginal term 
for tobacco. It belongs to the Night- 
shade family, and is a near relative of common to- 
bacco. The species P. nycta- 
giniflora and P. violacea and 
their hybrids are the common 
petunias of our gardens. The 
former variety is white, and 
may still be obtained from the 
seedsmen under that name. 
The latter variety, with origi- 
nally purple and magenta 
flowers, has now become so 
changed by supercultivation 
that it is rarely presented in 

Giant of California, Petunia. .. . ~ mi « 

its primitive form, lne finest 
of all the petunias are called Giants of California; 
they are hybrids raised in that country by a lady 

188 





Larger Bur-marigold. 
Bidens chrysanthemoides. 

• (See pages 185, 186.) 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 189 

whose health demanded outdoor exercise in a warm, 
sunny climate ; * these flowers measure four or five 
inches across and possess exceedingly delicate and bril- 
liant hues. Another beautiful petunia is called Green 
Margin. It is supposed that a green flower does not 
exist ; but I have raised in my garden specimens of 
this variety showing a broad corolla eighty 
per cent of which was bright green ; the 
rest was magenta veined with ultramarine. 
Molucca Balm is another green flower 
sometimes seen in old gardens. The pe- 
tunia is strong in purple-reds and steel- 
blues, colors which are not sufficiently ap- 

• j. j £. j.i i i mi Molucca Balm. 

preciated for their sober beauty. Ihere 
are several paintings by that most spiritual artist, 
Edward Burne-Jones, in which it is evident he has 
imitated the petunia's colors. I might instance the 
one entitled " The Baleful Head," where the armor 
of Perseus is exactly the steel-blue-purple color of the 
outside of a magenta petunia. Kermesina splendens 
is a lovely variety with flowers of a rich crimson- 

* This magnificent strain of petunias was discovered among 
Mr. W. Atlee Burpie's Defiance petunias (another strain of splen- 
did color and form) by Mrs. T. Gould, of Ventura, Cal. The 
Giants of California, which 1 have cultivated with great success, 
were raised from seed obtained from Peter Henderson & Co., New 
York. The varieties were named Aurora, Midnight, Titania, and 
Rainbow. 




190 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




Nicotiana Affinis. 



magenta hue. The double varieties I do not consider 
aesthetically a success. The plants bloom through 

summer and early autumn. 
Two near relatives of the 
petunia are Nicotiana af- 
finis, a sweet-scented, white- 
flowered tobacco, whose blos- 
soms open toward evening, 
and N. Tahacmn, with fun- 
nel-formed, pink-edged flow- 
ers which have no perfume ; 
the latter variety is hardly 
beautiful enough to deserve 
a place in the garden, and I have banished it from 
mine. The tobacco blooms in late summer and early 
autumn. 

Larkspur. The larkspur of our gardens comes 

Delphinium. variously from Europe, Siberia, and 
China. It has a lovely spear of deep blue or purple 
flowers which gracefully waves to and fro in every 
passing zephyr. It flowers in summer. D. formo- 
sum codestinum is a charming large-flowered variety 
with a soft, light, ultramarine-blue color. D. elatum 
(Bee Larkspur) is cultivated from Europe, and is 
quite tall, bearing flowers in a great variety of colors, 
both single and double. These varieties are peren- 
nial. D. Consolida is a European annual variety 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 191 

which has here and there escaped from the garden 
to the roadside. D. Ajacis (Rocket Larkspur) is a 
common garden variety like the foregoing, except 
that the flowers are crowded in a 
long raceme (stalk), and are more 
showy ; and the spur is shorter. It 
has something like ten distinct vari- 
eties of color, mostly ranging through 
blue, purple, and crimson. There 
are three varieties native to this coun- 
try, which are found mostly south 
and west of Pennsylvania. They are 
named D. azureum, with blue or 
white flowers which appear in spring ; 
D. tricorne, a dwarf variety one foot 
high with flowers like the foregoing, 
but more showy ; and D. exaltatum, 
a tall variety resembling the garden Larkspur, 

rocket, which flowers in summer. These wild varie- 
ties are all perennials. A very beautiful blue variety, 
which grows wild among the Pyrenees, is called D. 
joeregrinum / this is one of the bluest wild flowers 
I have ever seen, excepting the gentians of the Alps 
and Pyrenees. Larkspur is a member of the Crow- 
foot family, and is therefore related to the butter- 
cup, nigella, columbine, monkshood, baneberry, and 
black snakeroot. 




192 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

Hollyhock. The old - fashioned hollyhock still 

Althaea rosea. holds its place in the modern gar- 
den, but the old single variety is rapidly being dis- 
placed by a new double one which is as full as the 
fullest rose and quite as beautiful. The colors of 
these double flowers are rose-pink, salmon, white, 
primrose-yellow, lilac, magenta, deep red, and ma- 
roon. Unfortunately, the double variety is not as 
hardy as the single, but it is more beautiful in point 
of color effect. For form I still consider the single 
flower unsurpassed in beauty, and most decorative. 
The hollyhock comes to us from Syria. It flowers in 
summer and early autumn. The marsh mallow (A. 
officinalis), the root of which is used to make marsh 
mallow paste, is a very near relative of the hollyhock, 
and grows wild on our Eastern coast. The clusters of 
flowers are pale crimson-pink ; the corolla is about an 
inch in diameter. Musk mallow {Malva moschata), 
formerly common in old-fashioned gardens but now 
frequently met with beside the road, is also a rela- 
tive of the hollyhock ; one has only to look the lit- 
tle flower square in the face to recognize at once a 
family likeness between it and the queenly garden 
favorite. The flowers of musk mallow are white, or 
extremely pale magenta-pink ; the leaves are cut 
into slender lobes. It blooms in summer. M. ro- 
tundi folia is a little plant with heart-shaped leaves 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 



193 



Scarlet 
Rose-Mallow. 

Hibiscus coccineus, 



and pink-white flowers, which is found in similar 

situations. 

Prof. Meehan calls the scarlet rose- 
mallow " probably the most gorgeous 
of all the plants indigenous to the 

United States," and I think he is quite right. A 

glorious red-scarlet flower it certainly is, and scarlet 

wild flowers are extreme- 
ly rare — in fact, it would 

be difficult for me to 

think of more than this 

one. The cardinal flower 

is not scarlet, but intense 

red. This scarlet mallow 

grows in deep marshes 

near the coast from 

Carolina southward. It 

has been cultivated and 

grows well in the North, 

if it is placed in the 

greenhouse during the 

cold months. The flow- 
er has five large petals, 

and measures six or eight 

inches across. H. Moscheutos (Swamp Rose-Mallow) 

is a similar flower with pale-pink petals, which grows 

in the North. Both bloom in late summer. H. 




Scarlet Rose-Mallow. 



194 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Syriacus is the name of the shrubby althaea, or rose 
of sharon, which has a flower like the single holly- 
hock, and thus unmistakably shows its relationship 
with the latter flower. It is a native of the Levant, 
and flowers in late summer and 
early autumn. It is interesting to 
know that cotton (Gossyjpium her- 
baceum) is a member of the Mal- 
low family, and is therefore a dis- 
tant relative of the hollyhock. 
Blazing-Star, The blazing-star is 
Liatris scariosa. a beautiful com- 
mon wild flower, whose spherical, 
purple flower-clusters are thickly 
or thinly, as the case may be, ar- 
ranged along the tall stem which 
in 'New England, in swampy places 
by the sea, attains a height of four 
or five feet. Out West the plant 
does not grow so high, but it is 
very common, according to ac- 
counts of Prof. Meehan, in In- 
dian Territory, and is found as 
far south as Florida. The purple 
flowers are very beautiful, and re- 
mind one of the garden beauty called mourning bride 
(Scdbiosa). The plant is in bloom in late summer. 




Blazing-Star. 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 



195 



Viper's Bugloss Along the banks of the Hudson, be- 
orBlueweed. side Esopus Creek, and on waste 

EcUum vulgare. groundj {n partg of ^ countrv where 

civilization has its strongest foothold, there the blue- 
weed's seeds have obtained a lodgment ; but 
I have not found it yet in the fields of 
New Hampshire. Gray says it came to 
us from the old gardens of Europe, and 
has become a weed in the fields from 
Pennsylvania to Virginia and south- 
ward, but I have found it on the 
banks of the Neponset Kiver near 
Boston, and it is very common in 
the vicinity of Hoboken. It pos- 
sesses a charming aesthetic color ; 
the green is soft and silvery, 
and the blossom is violet-blue 
when open and crimson-pink 
when in the bud. The curv- 
ing lines of the flower-bearing 
branches are very beautiful. 
The plant is rough and bristly, 
grows about two feet high, and 
blooms during the early sum- 
mer and on into September. Lycopsis arvensis (small 
bugloss), about a foot high, bears smaller blue flowers 
on a bristly stem. It is rarer than blueweed. 




Viper's Bugloss, or Blue- 
weed. 



196 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

Monkshood. Aconite, or monkshood is a native of 
Aconitum Virginia, but it finds its way north- 

ward along the Alleghanies until it 
reaches New Jersey ; and, although it is not common 

in the latter State, it 
can be found here and 
there beside some little 
stream, hanging its 
dark-purple hoods over 
the grass and neighbor- 
ing weeds. Its slender 
stems and loose hang- 
ing flowers remind one 
of the columbine, but 
its manner of growth 
is almost vinelike ; it 
appears as though it 
would climb. The top 
of the flower looks like 
a helmet. It blooms 
in summer and in Sep- 
tember. 
Gladiolus. The gladiolus 
Gladiolus ig gtill a t 

commums, 

and psittadnus. favorite of the 

garden, but it has been so 

Monkshood. much improved by hybridiza- 




JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 197 

tion that the old red and pink varieties are supplanted 
by an infinite number of brilliant-hued flowers, many 
of which come from M. Lemoine, the eminent hor- 
ticulturist of France. G. communis comes from Eu- 
rope, and bears pink and pink-striped white flowers ; 
G. Byzantinus, of the Levant, bears larger and more 
brilliantly colored flowers ; G. olandus is the parent 
of some of the white and pale-colored flowers ; G. 
cardinalis is the parent of the intense red variety, 
some of whose flowers have a white stripe on each of 
the three lower divisions. These are quite common. 
G. psittacinus is a tall species with large yellow flow- 
ers somewhat striped with reddish color ; this and G. 
cardinalis are the parents of G. Gandavensis (com- 
monly cultivated), from which so many subvarieties 
have been produced. But the fact is, these three last 
varieties (excepting G. Gandavensis) it would be diffi- 
cult for an inexperienced person to identify among 
so great a host of hybrids. They come from the 
Cape of Good Hope. The flowers named in the seeds- 
men's catalogues are more easily found in the garden. 
Brenchleyensis is a common, intense red flower ; Le- 
moine's Butterfly is beautifully streaked and blotched 
m a variety of colors ; Chrysolora is one of the finest 
yellow varieties; Madame Monneret is a beautiful 
rose-pink variety, and Ceres is a combination of white 
and magenta-pink. There are an infinite number of 



198 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




Tiger Flower. 



other beautifully colored flowers, but these varieties I 
mention are " personally known " to me and are like 

old friends. I can testify 
to their beauty. The glad- 
iolus blooms in late sum- 
mer and early autumn. 

Tiger Flower. The charm- 
Tigridia Pavonia. i-n o* Tir/T')- 

dia y or tiger flower, which 
looks like a scarlet or yel- 
low iris, comes to us from 
Mexico. It flowers in sum- 
mer and continues some- 
times into September. It 
is a pity the blossoms are so frail ; they rarely last 
after midday. The center of the flower is spotted 
like an orchid. 

Mexican The sweet-scented little Mexican 

Star Flower. s tar flower is becoming popular in 
% a iflora. ^ e garden ; as its name indicates, it 
usually blooms, two flowers at a time ; the flower 
stalk is Y-shaped with a starlike, white blossom on 
each branch. There are a couple of long, slender 
leaves that look like grass ; indeed, the whole plant is 
so simple and modest that it can not fail to please 
those who have the most fastidious taste. Another 
Mexican flower, Bessera elegans (or coral drops), is a 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 199 

frequent companion of the Milla biflora, and has 
graceful little clusters of pumpkin-orange flowers 
striped with cream-color ; the leaves are also grass- 
like. Both flowers bloom in summer. The Cyclo- 
bothra flava is a pretty little russet-yellow flower 
which I grow with the foregoing in one of the large 
tubs of my garden, where these dainty characters will 
show to the best advantage. Its slim stems remind 
one slightly of carnation stalks ; the flowers are 
shaped like tiny inverted . tulips. It is a native of 
California, and belongs to the Lily family. 
Spanish Bayonet. The yuccas (filamentosa and aloi- 
luccafilamentosa folia) are Southern plants, extend- 

and aloifolia. • • < -i\,r • j u . , j 

J ing into Mexico, and are cultivated 

for ornament; they are not quite hardy in the ex- 
treme North, but in New York and southward they 
stand the winter cold well. Y. angustifolia and 
gloriosa are less frequently met with. The flowers 
are all a beautiful cream- white color ; sometimes they 
are tinged with purple. They bloom in summer. 

Tritoma. Tritoma is an old-fashioned favorite 

THtoma UvaHa. wn ich goes by the popular name of 
red-hot-poker, and warms up the garden by bloom- 
ing in late summer. It comes from the Cape of 
Good Hope. The flowers are most peculiarly graded 
through yellow into dull scarlet, without seeming to 
touch orange ; they look like exaggerated grape- 



200 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

hyacinths (Muscari hotryoides) in reddish color in- 
stead of blue. But the two flowers are related — 
they belong to the Lily family. The grape-hyacinth 
lias escaped from the garden to the field ; it bears a 
dense cluster of tiny blue-violet flowers in early 
spring. Our common hyacinth (H. orientalis), which 
comes from the Levant, is likewise a family con- 
nection. It is too well known to need any descrip- 
tion here. The hyacinth presents yellow, red, and 
blue under modified conditions ; it is characteristic 
of spring, but is more of a hothouse than a garden 
flower. It seems a pity that the hyacinth and the 
crocus, the latter a flower of easy cultivation and re- 
splendent in color, should be less popular in the gar- 
den than the showy Lady Washington geraniums 
(Pelargoniums) of the summer season ; but such 
seems to be the case. The Lady Washington gera- 
niums, I might add (the name is applied without 
much restriction to the flowering geraniums), are 
really those varieties with shrubby stems known as 
P. cucullatum (cowled P.), P. cordatum (heart-leaved 
P.), and P. angulosum (maple-leaved P.), whose flow- 
ers sometimes measure two inches across. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 
Coreopsis to Ladies' Tresses. 

Coreopsis. Bright-eyed coreopsis is one of the 

Coreopsis tinctoria. cheeriest of our smaller garden flow- 
ers, and it is another distinctly 
American character. The variety 
C. tinctoria, of Arkansas, is the 
common coreopsis, or calliopsis of 
all country gardens. It has ex- 
tremely narrow leaflets, a smooth, 
waving, and somewhat wiry stem, 
and numerous flowers, which are 
small and beautifully variegated 
with wine-red and golden yellow ; 
one variety has tubular rays, but 
it lacks effect. C. Drummondii 
is a beautiful large golden-yellow 
flower with a dark-red spot on 
each ray, and leaves composed of oval-shaped leaf- 
lets ; C. coronata is a flower with broad and hand- 
14 201 




202 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

some golden-yellow rays whose red spot is very small, 
and a disk which is yellow instead of brown. The 
leaves are oblong, with three to five divisions. Both 
of these varieties come from Texas, and they produce 
larger and finer flowers in the cultivated state. All 
three of the varieties mentioned are annuals ; there 
are two perennial varieties, which are not quite so 
common in the garden — they are G. lanceolata and 
C. auriculata. Both grow wild in the West and 
South, and both have entirely yellow flowers. The 
former variety is commonly cultivated by the florists ; 
the latter is taller and is leafy almost to the top ; both 
flower in early summer. The coreopsis is a very near 
relative of the bur-marigold, and it closely resembles 
the variety of that flower named Widens chrysanthe- 
moides. In the garden, coreopsis blooms all summer 
and as late as September. 

Dahlia. The common garden dahlia is also a 

Dahlia variabilis. near relative of coreopsis. It comes 
to us from Mexico. I fear we do not sufficiently ap- 
preciate the fact that we are indebted to this country 
and not to Europe for a great many of our most 
beautiful garden flowers. The tuberose, Poinsettia 
{Euphorbia pulcherrima), Tigridia, Milla biflora, 
Bessera elegans, zinnia, marigold, and yucca all come 
from Mexico. The dahlia is named for a Swedish 
botanist, Dalil, a contemporary of the great botanist 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 203 

Linnaeus. Its large, conventional double flowers are, 
in my estimation, not quite as beautiful as the single 
ones. It blooms throughout the summer and in Sep- 
tember. 

Marigold. ^he marl g°ld is an old garden fa- 

Tagetes patuia, vorite which has of late years been 

and erecta. ,1 j i i 1 rr t 

greatly improved by the efforts of 
the horticulturists. The common single varieties of 
years ago no longer have a place in our gardens. 
There are three distinct varieties : the African, 
T. erecta, the French T. jpatula, and T. signata. 
These are again subdivided, on account of their dis- 
tinct types, as follows : 

T. erecta. African El Dorado, an immense flower which 
sometimes reaches a diameter of four inches. 
African quilled, smaller, with quilled rays. 
African dwarf double, smaller plants. 
T. patuia. French tall, reaching a height of two feet. 
French dwarf, not over a foot high. 
Both varieties double. 
T. signata. French (Legion d'Honneur), small single yellow 
flowers with claret-spotted rays; height not 
over seven inches. 

These types are quite distinct and are therefore 
readily recognized. The names African and French 
are misleading ; the plants originally came from South 
America and Mexico. They are prolific bloomers, 
and continue in flower from June until the middle 
of October, when they are pretty sure of a veto on 



204 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



further production by Jack Frost ! I have had a 

symmetrical plant in my garden, of the French order, 
which bore at one time seventy- 
five blossoms in various stages of 
development. The dark pinnate 
foliage, decorative in character, 
and the rich yellow-orange flow- 
ers, gave the plant a distin- 
guished appearance very far re- 
moved from the commonplace. 
There was a touch of convention- 
ality about it which was quaint 
and old-fashioned 
as well as re- 
freshing in the 
midst of sur- 
al together modern ; 

asters of the most approved type, 

poppies of rousing proportions 

and rarest colors, sweet peas of 

the newest varieties, mourning 

brides in the latest fashion of 

black, and a host of new annuals 

which the old-fashioned garden 

never saw. But the marigold of 

the French order has still an atmosphere of old times 

about it, particularly if we happen to catch the odor 




El Dorado Marigold. 



roundings 




Legion d'Honneur 
Marigold. 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 205 

of a freshly plucked flower. How quickly the famil- 
iar strong scent carries us back in imagination to our 
grandmothers' gardens! The seed of the marigold 
germinates in a remarkably short space of time. If 
it is soaked awhile in very warm water, and then 
planted an eighth of an inch deep in light soil, in 
some position where it gets the full benefit of the 
warm sunshine, the baby plant will push its way to 
the air above in thirty-six hours; ten weeks should 
then elapse before the plant begins to bloom ; the few 
flowers which may appear before this time are pre- 
mature and poorly developed. Young plants forced 
into early bloom by a beginning in the greenhouse 
ultimately amount to little. 

The colors of the marigold are extraordinary : 
golden yellow, orange-yellow, pure lemon-yellow, rus- 
set-red edged with gold, and golden yellow spotted 
with brownish-claret color — these are all rendered in 
the purest tones on the gracefully curled rays. 

Zinnia. The garden zinnia has only one pal- 

Zinnia elegans. pab ] e f au ] t . it ig unm i s takably Stiff. 

Yet, putting aside this little defect, we may certainly 
consider it a gifted flower. It has an astonishing 
range of color, which comprehends nearly the whole 
scale — white, cream, buff, pale yellow, deep yellow, 
lemon-yellow somewhat toned down, orange, light 
orange, scarlet, crimson, magenta, the three pink 



206 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

tints which are dilutions of these three reds, per- 
fectly pure pink, lilac, dull purple, dull violet, ma- 
roon, and, finest of all, an intense deep red generally 
called Jacqueminot-color.* This last I consider a 
glorious flower whose full beauty can only be seen 
under a bright artificial light. The zinnia, like the 
marigold, comes from Mexico, and it blooms all sum- 
mer and throughout September. Besides the colors 
I have mentioned there are a great number of aes- 
thetic ones of that delightfully subdued quality which 
we call crushed strawberry, heliotrope, and so forth. 
The flower grows nearly as large as the largest mari- 
gold, and is somewhat of the same shape ; in one va- 
riety the rays are curled and twisted,t but in all the 
others they have a uniform reflex curve ; it is an an- 
nual, and grows readily in common garden soil. 
Mournine Bride ^he m turning bride (Scabiosa atro- 
ScaUosa purpurea) has of late been greatly 

atropurpurea. improved . ft wag ft f avorit e of the 

old-fashioned garden, but the newer varieties are so 
much larger and finer than the old that it would 
scarcely be recognized as the same flower. The col- 
ors are also greatly improved ; they are white, pale 

* This variety I have obtained from Peter Henderson & Co., 
New York. 

f Curled and crested zinnia. This remarkable variety was 
brought out a few years ago by Peter Henderson & Co., New 
York. 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 



207 



rose, deep pink, purple, palest yellow, and rich, dark 
claret-maroon color. The last-mentioned variety is 
most beautiful ; it has the effect 
of a fine piece of beadwork ; the 
tiny anthers are pale lilac ; and 
the corollas, funnel-formed, are 
the richest, darkest wine-red color 
imaginable ; the whole effect of 
the flower is Hack, and it is well 
named Black Scabiosa. The flower stem 
is exceedingly long and stiff, as well as 
bare. The leafage is variously shaped, but 
in general slightly resembles that of the 
common wild daisy, except that it is larger 
and broader. It blooms in late summer. 
The flower mi^ht deceive one as to its fam- 
ily connection ; it looks like a Composite, 
but Gray has given it the position of the 
latter's next-door neighbor. It belongs to 
the Teasel family. The distinguishing differences 
which separate it from its Composite neighbors are 
four separate stamens to each corolla (Composites 
have their five stamens tied together by the connect- 
ing anthers, which form a tube inclosing the style) 
and an ovary, which becomes an akene in fruit con- 
taining a hanging seed. The seeds of the Composites 
do not hang, but are borne in stout shell-like akenes. 




208 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

Mourning bride comes to us from the Old World. 
Sometimes it is called the pincushion-flower ; the 
light-colored anthers certainly do suggest pinheads. 
Wild teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) is a weed I have 
occasionally found along the roadsides in New Hamp- 
shire, and it is closely related to the Scabiosa. It has 
rather prickly stems, uninteresting lilac flower heads, 
somewhat reminding one of Scabiosa, except that 
they are oblong, and leaves which are united round 
the stem. This is the nearest approach to Scabiosa 
among the wild flowers of this country. 

Sunflower. The sunflower is distinctly American, 

miianthus annum, ^nd comprises a large, varied, and 
interesting division of the Composite family. II 
annuus is the large-flowered variety common in our 
gardens ; but there are many new varieties, some 
smaller and some double, which are more beautiful. 
A favorite small flower, about the size of Buclhehia 
and similar to it in appearance, is called Sutton's 
Miniature. A splendid large, double flower, resem- 
bling a big yellow chrysanthemum, is named Globo- 
sus fistulosus; its color is a magnificent golden-yel- 
low, and its figure is very decorative. Oscar Wilde 
is an extremely tall variety, with small single flowers, 
which bloom in great profusion. II argojphyllus is a 
native of Texas, and is cultivated for the sake of its 
beautiful white foliage ; its flowers are large and sin- 




Jerusalem Artichoke. 
Helianthus tuberosus. 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 209 

gle. Primrose is a lovely light-yellow flower with a 
dark center ; the flowers are borne along the tall stem 
from within a couple of feet of the ground. Of the 
wild species the commonest is H. giganteus. In the 
pine district of New Jersey and southward, is another 
common variety with long, narrow leaves and small 
flowers with dark centers, named H. angustifolius. 
H. occidentalis is a Western variety with flowers 
whose disks as well as rays are yellow, and leaves 
which are broad below, but quite narrow above, on a 
stalk not over three feet high. H. heterophyllus is a 
Southern variety, which has flowers with dark purple- 
brown disks and golden rays, and leaves oval and 
lance-shaped. The flowers are very few and are borne 
on long stems. Maximilian's Sunflower is a Western 
variety under cultivation, whose small flower has a 
yellow disk. II annuus and II argophyllus are an- 
nuals ; all the other wild varieties are perennials. The 
sunflower blooms in late summer and in September. 

Snow on the mountain, which is a 
Snow 
on the Mountain, beautiful plant growing wild east and 

Euphorbia west of the Mississippi, is rapidly 

marginata. . _ 

coming in favor as a garden orna- 
ment. It grows about two feet high, and its oval 
leaves are broadly white-margined ; those at the top 
of the plant are nearly if not altogether white ; it is 
an annual which flowers in late summer. The flower 



210 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN". 



itself is inconspicu- 
ous, but the five 
white petal-like ap- 
pendages and the 
white leafage are 
the interesting part 
of the plant ; Eu- 
phorbia pulcherrmia, or 
Poinsettia, is its near rela- 
tive, which comes to us from 
Mexico. This variety is 
characterized by a group of 
bright scarlet leaves termi- 
nating the branches. It is 
most successful as a hothouse 
plant in the colder climate 
of the North, and its insig- 
nificant flowers, surrounded 
by the vermilion leaves, ap- 
pear in the winter. The 
plant was named for Mr. Poinsett, who was minister 
to Mexico in 1828 and also secretary of war under 
President Yan Buren. 

Fireweed. The fireweed, curiously enough, flour- 

Great Willow-herb. . , j i • i 1 i 

ishes on ground winch lias been at 

Epilobium 

angustifoiium. some time burned over. That tract of 
country which lies between Montpelier and Wells 




Maximilian's Sunflower. 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 



211 



Kiver, Yt., is rugged and 
covered with a wild and 
tangled forest which has 
been subjected to the wood- 
man's axe. This means (as 
every one knows who is fa- 
miliar with the lumber com- 
panies and their dealings 
with New England forests) 
a devastation of the land by 
fire as well as axe. Conse- 
quently this particular tract 
of land I have alluded to is 
peculiarly rich in fine speci- 
mens of the magenta-pink 
fire weed. Beautiful tall 
spires of the delicate flower 
are seen everywhere in the 
blackened clearings — I say 
clearings, because they are 
called such, but in point of 
fact the fireweed decorates 
and cheers a wretched-look- 
ing waste which would more 
appropriately go by the 
name of chaos. I know of 
another spot, in the Pemi- 




Fireweed. 



212 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

gewasset Valley, where a sawmill was burned several 
years ago, and now the site is covered by a luxu- 
riantly shrubby growth of fireweed, which in August 
is a glory of magenta-pink color. One may easily 
understand why it is called Willow-herb, as its leaf is 
exactly like that of the swamp willow. In Septem- 
ber the pretty heads of magenta flowers are trans- 
formed into clusters of curved and twisted seed-ves- 
sels which are constantly shedding a disheveled mass 
of stringy white silk, reminding one, perhaps, of the 
wild gray hair of witches caught in the thicket. 

It seems scarcely necessary to call attention to the 
fact that the fireweed is closely related to the evening 
primrose : a comparison of the two flowers shows a 
remarkable similarity between them. 

Joe-Pye Weed. Joe-Pye weed, oddly named for a 
Eupatorium New England Indian doctor, is rather 

purpw a conS pi cuous d u n pale-magenta flow- 

er whose fuzzy head towers five or six feet above the 
lowlands in late summer and early autumn. The plant 
will always be associated in my mind with Indian 
doctors, who, by the way, have not yet finished their 
" herb cures " among the country folk. There is such 
a doctor in a New England village but four miles 
from my summer home, who, I am given to under- 
stand, does a thriving business — or shall I say com- 
mands a wide practice ? — in a certain locality of cul- 




Upland Boneset. 
Eupatorium sessilifolium. 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 213 

tured New England ! But we will not insinuate any- 
thing regarding New England culture in connection 




Joe-Pye Weed. 

with quacks ; so we will pass on from Joe-Pye weed 
and Indian doctors to boneset. 

Boneset. ^his * s a vei T c ^ ose relative of the 

Eupatorium other plant, and is also a favorite 

r J herb among the country iolk, tor 

whom it furnishes a popular medicine. Who does 

not know all about " boneset tea," and who likes it ? 



214 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



S. cernua. 



But boneset taffy (taken for a cough) 
was quite another thing, and children 
used to be very tolerant of it for reasons 
which it is unnecessary to explain. The 
plant grows about three feet high, has 
a spreading leaf (more correctly a pair 
of leaves) through the middle of which 
the main stem appears to pass, and bears 
a head of small, fuzzy white flowers 
which are not bright or attractive enough 
to look pretty. The plant flowers in late 
summer and frequents low meadows. 

Ladies' Tresses. Toward the end of 

SpirantJies cernua. snmmer an( } through 

September the sweet smelling tiny flow- 
ers called ladies' tresses may be found 
in the swamps or in the wet meadows. 
The little plant is easily identified by 
the spiral growth of the white blos- 
soms about the stem, which is not 
often over eight inches tall. This 
flower belongs to the Orchis family, 
and is a near relative of the pink and 
yellow moccason-flowers which bloom in 
the spring and early summer. There 
is another variety of ladies' tresses, called 
S. gracilis, which grows in dry ground 



JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 215 

or on the side of a hill ; this has a slenderer spike 
with fewer flowers, which are often less twisted than 
those of the other variety. The rattlesnake plantain 
is closely related to ladies' tresses — a fact which is 
not surprising, as the appearance of the two flower 
spikes is somewhat similar. 



CHAPTEE XV. 

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 
Golden-rod and Asters. 




The name golden-rod con- 
jures up the thought of 
an immense family of flowers thirty odd 
members of which a person with a fair 
knowledge of botany may easily identify 
without searching through a wide tract of 
country, and possibly without wandering 
but a few yards beyond the highways of 
our Northeastern States. In a quarter-mile 
length of a road in Campton, N. H., I have 
s. arguta. found no less than fifteen varieties of the 
flower, " all well defined " (to quote the 
words of Coleridge in reference to the smells of 
Cologne). But this is rather unusual, and a short 
exploration of a field, hillside, shady glen, and un- 
frequented wayside might result in as good if not a 
better " find." There are a few very common varie- 
ties of the golden-rod which may be recognized at 
once by the following characteristics : 

21 G 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



217 



S. ulmifolia. 
15 



'/S. arguta 
is perhaps 
the earliest 
golden-rod, 
and will be found 
sometimes in full 
bloom in the mid- 
dle of July. Its 
sharply toothed leaf is feather- 
veined — that is, the veins spring 
outward from each side of the 
middle rib, just as the smaller di- 
visions of a feather spring from its 
quill. The main stem is smooth. 
The slender flower stems, bearing 
greenish -yellow (in effect) flowers, 
spread widely apart and droop. 

8. juncea is a smooth-stemmed 
variety, from one to three feet high, 
with narrow, elliptical, sharply toothed 
leaves. Its flowers have from eight 
to twelve tiny, light yellow rays. It 
is very common, and immediately suc- 
ceeds S. arguta, but it has smaller and 
lighter colored flowers. 

S. ulmifolia : similar to S. rugosa 
(once called S. altissima). Gray says, 




218 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



" Too near S. altissima — distinguished only by its 

smooth stem and thin, larger leaves.'' Both these 

varieties are early-flowering. 

S. nemoralis is not over two 
feet high, and has dense plumes 
of rich golden - yellow flowers 
growing on the upper side of 
their stems ; the main stem is 
grayish, with a cottony look, and 
is sparingly furnished with dull 
gray-green leaves. It blooms in 
early August, and is found most- 
ly in sterile fields. I consider 
it the most brilliantly colored of 
all the golden-rods. 

S. Canadensis is coarse-grow- 
ing, has rough, hairy stems and 
leaves which are harsh to the 
touch ; the thick clusters of deep- 
yellow flowers grow in a one- 
sided way on their spreading 
stems ; the leaves are distinctly 
three - veined (more correctly 
speaking, three-ribbed). This va- 
riety will grow from three to 

five feet high, or may be higher. 

$. rugosa is sometimes distinguished by a num- 




S. nemoralis. 




Early Golden-rod. 
Solidago juncea. 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



219 



ber of smaller branches with little leaves, terminat- 
ing with small flower clusters loosely grouped. The 
stocky stem has broad 
leaves, and grows nearly ^£*3i 

as tall as S. Canadensis. ir&zMg&f** 
It is an early-flowering 
species. 

S. lanceolata is a va- 
riety whose tall stem is 
set with narrow leaves 
without teeth, and is 
terminated with a dense 
flat-topped flower clus- 
ter, which is greenish 
yellow in color effect. 
The plume of this varie- 
ty is too flat and bunchy 
to be confused with the 
gracefully curved ones 
of the other varieties. 

& tenuifolia is a va- 
riety similar to S. lance- 
olata but with slenderer leaves and narrower or 
more club-shaped little flowers. The leaves are one- 
nerved and rather crowded on the stem ; the flower 
clusters are smaller than those of S. lanceolata. It 
grows in sandy ground, and near the coast. 




Three-ribbed 
Leaf. 



220 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 




S. rugosa. 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



221 






/SI sempervirens is a tall seashore variety common 
in salt marshes and among the rocks. It may be eas- 
ily recognized by its stout stem, 
thick, fleshy, lance-shaped leaves, 
obscurely triple-ribbed, and showy 
flowers, which, however, are not 
nearly so yellow as those of S: 
nemoralis, nor as beautiful. It 
is common from Maine to Vir- 
ginia. 

S. hicolor is a white or cream- 
colored variety ; my drawing 
shows how it looks in nine cases 
out of ten. It is a very common 
sort to me, as it is plentiful in 
the White Mountain region ; but 
there are many localities where 
its whitish flowers are rarely seen. 
So unlike is it to the popular 
notion of golden-rod that, upon 
picking a specimen one time and 
telling its name to an inquiring 
friend who was walking with me, 
the surprised response came : " What ! that thing 
golden-rod ? Nonsense ! " There is just a slight 
resemblance in the superficial appearance of the 
flower to mignonette. 




S. lanceolata. 



222 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



M*?.^". 



jh 



S. bicolor. 



S. ccesia gets its name from its blu- 
ish stem. There is one of the castor- 
oil plants which also derives its name 
from its blue stem. But this is not 
the most important characteristic of 
this variety of golden-rod ; the flowers 
grow in tiny clusters at each juncture 
of the feather-veined leaf with the 
stem. This is also the character of 
the white variety (S. bicolor). The 
blue-stemmed variety likes moist 
and shady thickets beside the river, 
or the subdued light of the hillside 
where the wood adjoins the pasture. 
It blooms very late, and I have 
found it in good condition on the 
20th of October. 
^ S. latifolia is in all ways 

nearly like IS. ccesia, except that 
it has a less bluish and less 
branched stem and broader leaves 
sharply toothed ; the three or 
four rays of the little flowers are 
bright yellow. It is common 
northward in shaded places, and 
south along the mountains. 

S. odora (sweet golden-rod) has 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



223 



fragrant leaves without toothed edges, which slightly 
remind one of the odor of anise, and are shiny and 
well formed, but the flowers are not particularly at- 
tractive. It yields a volatile 
oil. I found this variety com- 
mon in the " Pines" of New 
Jersey. It generally grows on 
the edges of thickets in dry, 
sandy soil. 

S. speciosa is not quite as 
common as some of the other 
varieties, but it is very hand- 
some. It grows from three to 
six feet high, has large, dark- 
green, slightly toothed leaves, 
and its ample panicle of bloom, 
formed by a number of erect 
flower stems (racemes), is bright 
golden yellow. The little blos- 
som when placed under the 
glass shows five or more good- 
sized yellow rays. The stem 
of this variety is very stout 
and smooth. 

These fourteen varieties are commonly met with 
from Maine southward to the pine barrens of New 
Jersey. It must be remembered that there are in all 




S. caesia. 



224 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



about seventy varieties. There is always a prepon- 
derance of a certain variety in a particular locality — 
for instance, beside the road 
running parallel with the river 
in Campton there is a great 
quantity of the white-flowered 
variety and little or no S. 
rugosa. This last-mentioned 
flower is commoner in several 
meadow copses beside the river 
than any of the varieties which 
Gray mentions as the very 
commonest. The golden -rod 
is certainly our representative 
American wild flower. Not 
many years ago, when the sub- 
ject of a national flower be- 
came interesting, Mr. Louis 
Prang, of Boston, published a 
little tract suggesting the ar- 
butus and golden-rod as com- 
petitors for the position of hon- 
or, and requested an expression 
of choice from the people. The 
response was decisive ; and the 
vote was cast by an overwhelming majority for the 
golden-rod. 




speciosa 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



225 







Golden-Rod gone to Seed. 



226 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Aster, or starwort. There are between forty and fifty 
Aster. species of wild asters in our coun- 

try, so I can only draw attention to the commoner 
ones. Most of these have a distinct individuality, 
which it will be impossible 
for one to mistake who will 
closely follow the descrip- 
tions : 

A. ericoides bears such 
tiny white flowers that there 
is no possibility of confusing 
it with any other common 
aster ; it is enough to know 
that the little white rays are 
very fine and regular, and the 
yellow centers are compact 
like those of the daisy — in 
fact, the flower looks like a 
miniature daisy, and would 
never be taken for an aster by 
one whose acquaintance with 
wild flowers is slight. This 
variety grows about two feet 
high, has slender, wiry stems, 
and small, narrow, plain-looking leaves. It is found 
in partially shady, or open and dry places, and 
blooms from midsummer until late in October. I 




A. ericoides. 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



227 



have found this aster as early as August 8th in the 
wayside places of Campton. 

A. Tradesccmti is a smooth variety, slender- 
stemmed, with small, lance- 
shaped leaves, and very small 
white flowers closely encir- 
cling the upper side of the 
flowering branches. 

A. paniculatus is a vari- 
ety taller than A. Trades- 
canti, with pale violet-tinted 
or white flowers. Its stem 
is much branched, and bears 
narrow lance-shaped leaves 
tapering at the end ; those 
below are sharply toothed. 
This variety and A. Trades- 
canti grow in wet situations. 

A. patens, sometimes 
called spreading aster, is 
common about the middle 
of August beside the road 
and on the edge of thickets, 
and usually on dry ground, 
but without a sunny ex- 
posure. The center of the 
flower is greenish yellow, a. patens. 




228 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



and the rays are purple with quite a curvature ; the 
leaf has an elongated heart-shape and grows close 

to the stem. The flower 
grows singly on a very thin 
stem which bears a few 
little leaflets. The main 
stem, which is about two 
feet high, is covered below 
with very minute short 
hairs. 

A. JVovce Anglice, the 
New England aster, is com- 
mon everywhere, and grows 
taller than the preceding 
variety ; perhaps its stem 
reaches an average height 
of five feet. The flower 
is a trifle smaller than that 
of A. patens, but it bears 
many more purple rays ; 
sometimes these are magenta-purple. A large flower 
cluster terminates the coarse, hairy stem which is 
covered to the very end with lance-shaped, dark- 
green leaves. This variety frequents wet meadows, 
and blooms about the middle or the end of August. 

A. cordifolius is a small-flowered variety, whose 
blue-lavender rays and variable (sometimes reddish, 




A. Novae Angliae. 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



229 



sometimes purplish) little flower centers are the best 
means, in my opinion, 
for its identification. 
The stem is very much 
branched above, and 
these branches bear 
numerous flower clus- 
ters ; the leaves are 
sharp - pointed, heart- 
shaped, and have slen- 
der little stems. This 
variety is common in 
woodlands and on the 
sloping banks of the 
highway. It likes a 
partially shaded locali- 
ty, and blooms early 
and late. 

A. undulatus, or 
the wavy-leafed aster, 
is common on the edge 
of woodlands, and in 
the pastures. The 

flowers, about as large 
as a silver quarter, are 
lavender - purple with 
purple - edged yellow 




230 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

centers. The wavy-edged leaves have a variety of 
forms as they grow along the reddish stem ; the 
lowest ones are heart-shaped, and the upper ones 
have singularly flaring stems which clasp the main 

stalk of the plant ; and 
those which adjoin the 
flower stems are small 
and sharply pointed. 
This variety flowers 
early in August. 

A. spectabilis is one 
of the prettiest of the 
Aster family, although 
its flower heads are 
few. It grows along 
the coast between New 
Hampshire and New 
Jersey, where the sandy 
soil is quite to its liking. 
The flower rays are 
bright purple and nearly 
an inch long ; although 

A. undulatus. 

in many instances much 
shorter, these beautiful rays, perhaps sixteen to twenty 
in number, bring the diameter of the flower to a size 
equivalent to that of a silver dollar. This is a late 
variety, and flowers from September to November. 




AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 



231 



A. longifolius grows about three feet high, has 
lance-shaped leaves, which are firm and glossy, and a 




A. spectabilis. 



A. Jongifolius. 



characteristic flower envelope (involucre), which has 
many little, curled-over, leaflike scales ; the flowers, 
which are about as large as a half dollar, are light 
violet. The leaves of this aster are remarkably long ; 
some of the largest, although narrow, reach a length 
of four inches. It grows in low grounds, and blooms 
in September and October. 



232 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



China Aster. ^he botanical name of the cultivated as- 

CaiUstephus ter is from two Greek words meaning 

beautiful crown. Ine nower comes 

to us from China and Japan. There are so many 

varieties that I can only mention those of prominent 

type. The Victoria is an 
old favorite, whose flow- 
ers, in a great variety of 
colors, are soft-rayed and 
have a reflex curve. Truf- 
faut's aster is incurved and 
has a large range of col- 
ors. Betteridge's quilled 
aster has distinct quills or 
needles, and is a flower of 
German fame ; in this va- 
riety there is a flower per- 
fectly yellow in tint which 
I have obtained from Mr. 
W. Atlee Burpee, of Phila- 
delphia. A yellow aster 
seems an anomaly ; but 
there is no question about the color of this particu- 
lar flower, whose basic tone is white, stained lemon- 
yellow. The Triumph is a variety with brilliant red 
flowers. One of the most beautiful newer varieties 
is the Comet. This is a flower with reflex curling 




Comet Aster. 



AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 233 

rays, of a singularly translucent quality of color. 
The white ones are particularly delicate and alto- 
gether lovely. There are many new varieties of the 
aster, but they do not diverge very greatly from the 
types already mentioned. 

The flower blooms in late summer and early 
autumn ; the varieties forced to bloom in midsummer 
can not be considered perfectly satisfactory. True 
blue is not a color peculiar to the flower, and those 
varieties named blue are, as a rule, strongly satu- 
rated with purple ; nor is there a scarlet aster ; any 
flower so called is most likely pure red with a crim- 
son cast. 




CHAPTEE XVI. 

SEPTEMBER AND 
NOVEMBER. 

Iron-weed to Chry- 
santhemum. 



Iron-weed. 

Vernonia 
Noveboracensis. 



The iron-weed 
has a formi- 
dable Latin 
name, which in plain English 
means Mr. Vernon7 and " be- 
longing to New York," 
but this fact does 
not confine the 
weed to the bound- 
aries of this State. 
It grows all along 
the coast country, 
beside the river 
and the road, any- 
where from three to five feet high ; so it must surely 
be seen by the most unobserving. Its rather sparing 
cluster of crimson-magenta flowers shows itself about 
the time of the asters, and it might easily be mistaken 

234 



Iron-weed. 



SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 235 

for a variety of the latter flower. But my drawing 
shows that it is a very different character ; the flow- 
ers are formed remotely like bachelors' buttons, and 
have a tubular character, with the involucre (flower 
envelope) covered with short bristles of a rusty-brown 
color. The plant was named for Mr. Yernon, an 
early English botanist. It blooms in August and 
September. V. altissima is a tall variety with large 
flowers which grows west and south of Pennsylvania. 
Bitter-sweet. Bitter-sweet is a beautiful, climbing, 
Ceiastrus scandens. twining shrub with which every one 
ought to be familiar who travels over the country 
road in early fall when the scarlet berries are re- 
vealed inside of the open orange-colored pods with 
charming effect amid the autumnal foliage. These 
pretty berries conjure up thoughts of Dr. Holland's 
poem entitled Bitter-sweet, and, may I be permitted 
to add, sweet cider. Although the climbing shrub 
with its beautiful berry clusters is a familiar sight 
beside the cider mills of New Jersey, it has no 
connection, direct or implied, with that famous bev- 
erage known as " Jersey lightning " which, about the 
time that the berries appear, is being distilled from 
the juice of the ubiquitous and innocent apple ; so we 
must hope that the cider mentioned in the poem did 
not have the remarkable strength attributed to this 
New Jersey product. 



236 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

Garget. In September the handsome purple 

Phytolacca decandra. berries of the garget plant appear, 
hanging their dark clusters against the hazy 
olive foliage of early autumn. In summer 
the rather inconspicuous white flowers, 
which grow on slender stems and some- 
what resemble 
the white lilac, 
are not apt to 
attract notice ; 
but the berries 

are really beautiful and do not fail to catch 
the eye. The name Phytolacca is a com- 
bination of an incorrect Greek word for 

Garget. 

plant with the French word lac (lake), 

which was derived from the crimson character of the 

berry juice. The juice has been used for coloring 

purposes, but unsuccessfully, as it fades. Garget 

reaches a height of from six to nine feet, and grows 

in the thickets where the ground is low. 

m a -d 4.4.1 The closed or bottle gentian is an 
Closed or Bottle ° 

Gentian. inhabitant of the woods northward. 

GentianaAndrewsii. J ts fl owers are ][^ e t j n y thick ten- 
pins in shape, and are often a very good blue. The 
blue flower, however, is a creation of the imagina- 
tion ; in reality it does not exist, and the so-called 
blue is often a decided violet of dilute character ; 




SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 



237 



this is the case with the violet, harebell, aster, and 
blue-eyed grass. But the bottle gentian often shows 
a decided pale vio- 
let blue color, which 
comes within the 
category of blues ; 
however, I can not 
see the same blue 
in the flower that 
Thoreau talks about ; 
he says, "a splendid 
blue, . . . bluer than 
the bluest sky." 
Now, if we will look 
at that part of the 
heavens which is ex- 
actly at right angles 
with the position 
held by the sun on 
a clear day, we will 
see a color which 
Ruskin calls " blue 
fire." If a piece of 
white paper is held 
up so that it receives 
the full sunlight and is in juxtaposition with the 
blue sky, it will be seen that the sky-blue is as bril- 




Closed Gentian. 



238 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

liant as the white paper. This is a revelation which, 
to say the least, is surprising. By no possibility can 
we obtain a blue color which is as bright as white, 
either in the paint box or on the flower petal. So 
those who, like Thoreau and Bryant, tell us about 
flowers as blue as the sky, must be allowed a certain 
latitude in their descriptions, as these are often poetic 
without being scientifically true. The bottle gentian, 
then, is so purplish that we can only call it blue by 
sufferance ; one moment's comparison of the flower 
with the blue sky will prove this beyond question. 
Not only in the White Mountains, but in Pennsyl- 
vania, it is one of the latest fall flowers. Southern 
Europe has two splendid varieties of the gentian, 
colored about as blue as a flower can well be — G. 
Alpina, which is cup-shaped or vase-shaped with a 
pointed edge, and G. verna, which is a charming 
deep blue ; the flower cup has five round petal-like 
divisions. Also, a flower of the Pyrenees shows a 
good blue (Delphinium peregrinum), but this is not 
as blue as the last-mentioned gentian. There is quite 
a difference of opinion among botanists as to whether 
the closed gentian is subject to cross-fertilization, or 
simply fertilizes itself ; Gray thought the former was 
the case, and says that he has seen a bumblebee force 
its way into the corolla; but Dr. Kunze concludes 
that the flowers derive no aid from insects. This 



SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 



239 



only shows how much there is yet to be learned about 

a common wild flower. 

Fringed Gentian. The beautiful fringed gentian must 

Gentiana crinita. ever be 

associated in one's mind 
with the poet Bryant, 
who has written such 
charming lines on it. 
To him it was the flow- 
er of hope which comes 

"When . . . 

. . . shortening days por- 
tend 

The aged year is near his 
end," 

and with sweet and 
quiet eye looks through 
its fringes heavenward ; 
and he thought it was 
as blue as the sky. But 
the blue of the flower 
is not as true as its ex- 
pression of hopeful de- 
pendence ; there is in- 
deed a marvelous heav- 
enward - looking calm- 
ness expressed by every 

One of its lines. The Fringed Gentian. 




24:0 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

stem and corolla are both perpendicular, and the 
"fringed lids" are spread out horizontally like the 
extended palms of one who stands a supplicant before 
Heaven. The flower cup is about two inches long 
and has four divisions, which turn back flatly at the 
top ; these divisions are opened or closed according 
to the brightness or dullness of the day. If a burst 
of sunshine occurs on a dull day the flower expands 
in a very few minutes. It always closes at night, 
and it will not open the next day if the sun does 
not shine. It can by no means be called common ; 
I have found it in the vicinity of Boston and in 
one or two localities on Long Island, but I have 
never succeeded in finding it in the Pemigewas- 
set Valley. It belongs generally in low grounds, 
throughout our country, North and West. As it is 
presumably a biennial plant, one must not be sur- 
prised if it is not found year after year in the same 
spot. Prof. Meehan expresses the opinion that the 
length of its life is still uncertain, and he says, " Even 
now the only certain point is that it dies after flower- 
ing." The time to look for the flower is in October ; 
and S. K. Bartlett says : 

" I know not why, but every sweet October 
Down the fair road that opens to the sea, 
Dear in the wayside grasses tinging sober, 
Blooms my blue gentian faithfully for me." 



SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 



241 



Fall Dandelion. 

Leonto&on 

autumnalis 



The au- 
tumn or 
fall dan- 
delion is not nearly so 
beautiful as its spring 
relative, as it is lacking 
in both the size and rich 
color of the latter flower. 
Still, the little yellow 
blossom is pretty, and it 
is common over hillside 
pastures and sandy mead- 
ows from July until No- 
vember. Its flower stem 
is bare, long, and scrawny- 
looking, and has what 
appears like tiny scales 
(bracts) regularly ar- 
ranged quite a distance 
downward from the flow- 
er. The leaves, similar to 
those of the spring dan- 
delion, but blunt-toothed, 
are very small and grow 
close to the ground. I 
found this flower plenti- 
fully scattered over the 




Leontodon autumnalis. 



242 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

Clarendon hills south of Boston, but never found 
many well-developed specimens in the Pemigewasset 
Valley or among the White Hills. In the south- 
westerly States, from Maryland to Kansas and Texas, 
there is another flower which closely resembles this 
fall dandelion, called the Cynthia dandelion ; * this 
variety may be easily distinguished from the other, 
as it has naked flower stems (without the tiny bracts), 
and the lower leaves are sharp-toothed ; there are also 
long, very narrow, straight leaves, peculiar to this 
Cynthia dandelion, which will not be found in either 
of the other varieties. But the Cynthia stops bloom- 
ing just about the time the fall dandelion begins ; so 
there is small chance of one flower being mistaken 
for the other. 

Nightshade. About the time when the fall dande- 
Soianum lion is blooming and the latest fringed 

gentian flowers close their eyes to the 
slanting sun of October we may see the thickets which 
flank the roads just outside of Boston covered with 
beautiful elliptical red berries, which hang in graceful 
clusters from the thin protruding branches. These 
berries possess exactly the same translucent quality of 
color as the red cherry does — a pure red without a 

* Its botanical name is both Cynthia dandelion and Krigia 
dandelion ; the latter is given the preference in Gray's Manual, 
revised edition. 



SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 



243 



trace of scarlet. Thoreau was keenly appreciative of 
color, which he often accurately described ; he says, 
alluding to the nightshade berries : " I do not know 




Nightshade. 

any clusters more graceful and beautiful than these 
drooping cymes of scented or translucent, cherry- 
colored elliptical berries." The tall, climbing, woody 
stems are covered with dull, bluish-green, sharp- 
pointed, heart-shaped leaves with vari- 
ations like my sketch, by which one 
may easily identify the shrub. It 
grows in moist ground, and came to 
this country from Europe. It is com- 
mon in the proximity of our cities, 
but I have rarely found it in the 
Pemigewasset Valley, and then only beside some old 
homestead. The little purple flowers grow in small 




Halbert Three- 
lobed Leaf. 



244 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Black Alder. 

Ilex verticillata. 



clusters, and appear in summer. It is curious to 
learn that the nightshade is closely related to the 
potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena), 
and the pretty ornamental little shrub called Jeru- 
salem cherry (S. Pseudo- Capsicum). A comparison 
of the flowers of these plants will reveal the rela- 
tionship by their similarity. 

Winterberry or At the very close of the season of 
flowers in autumn our attention will 
be attracted to the brilliant scarlet 
berries of the black alder which dot its gray stems 
and cling to them long after 
the leaves have dropped. The 
leaves are light green, sharp- 
pointed, and elliptical in shape, 
and have a fine-toothed edge ; 
they are two inches long. The 
shrub is certainly very decora- 
tive, and one wishes it were a 
little more common ; but while 
it is plentiful in some localities, 
it is quite absent in others, and 
disappointing on that account. 
The smooth winterberry (I. laevigata) has longer, 
narrower leaves, shining above, and long - pedun- 
cled sterile flowers ; the smooth alder (Alnus ser- 
rulata) must not be confused with either of the 




Black Alder. 



SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 



245 



foregoing species ; it is a member of the Birch 
family, and bears a calkin, like my sketch, in early 
spring. It is not surprising to learn that the black 
alder is a near relative of the Eng- 
lish holly (Z Aquifolium), to which it 
bears a slight resemblance ; but the 
holly has that bold, spiny leaf which 
gives it an additional charm. Our 
own holly (Z opaca) is a tree nearly 
forty feet high, growing in New Eng- 
land and southward, with oval, wavy- 
margined, spiny-toothed, evergreen 
leaves, and red berries. It is not as 
beautiful as the English holly. The 
so-called mountain holly (JVemqpan- 
tlies fasicularis) is not a true holly at 
all ; its berries are a deep red, with a dull surface. It 
is common in the wet bogs northward, particularly in 
the White Mountain district. 

Cosmos. Cosmos is a beautiful white (or pale- 

Cosmos bipinnatus. pink) flower which closely resembles 
coreopsis or the single dahlia in form, and blooms in 
early autumn. It is an annual which grows six feet 
high sometimes, and its only enemy in the North 
is Jack Frost, who appears too early in New Hamp- 
shire for me to grow the plant successfully in my 
garden. The dainty white flower comes to us from 




Smooth Alder 
Catkin. 



246 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Mexico, and grows wild there as well as in Texas; 
it thrives better, therefore, in the gardens of the 

South. The variety called 
Pearl is considered the 
best. The flower is cul- 
tivated by the florists, and 
is seen in great luxuriant 
clusters in their store win- 
dows in New York and 
Boston during the winter. 
The Texan ladies who 
visit Washington wonder 
why we value a flower 
which is a common weed 
in their native State. But 
"a prophet is not without honor save in his own 
country," and the only fault of cosmos is, it hap- 
pens to be too common in Mexico and Texas. For 
us it is the dearest and the last flower of autumn, 
excepting the chrysanthemum. 

Chrysanthemum. The chrysanthemum is an Oriental 
Chrysanthemum flower, which comes to us from 
Japan and (Jnina ; indirectly some 
of the smaller varieties come from England and 
France. But the florists have taken almost com- 
plete possession of the flower, and as their hothouse 
blooms are perfectly huge as well as gorgeous in col- 




Cosmos. 



SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 



247 



or, our garden varieties suffer by comparison and are 
consequently neglected. The Chrysanthemum family 
is immense, and numbers some- 
thing like four hundred distinct 
varieties ; this number is con- 
stantly being added to by newer 
hybrids. But these florists' chry- 
santhemums are not hardy ; they 
are mostly of the Japanese class ; 
it is the older Chinese varieties 
which stand the cold of our 
Northern winters best. The pom- 
pon variety is quite as hardy as 
any sturdy-going perennial. In 
this class there are Alba perfecta, 
white ; Gaillardia, brown and yel- 
low mixed ; Golden Circle, golden 
orange ; Bob, crimson ; and Rubra perfecta, magenta. 
Of the hardy Chinese class there are : Diana, white ; 
King of the Crimsons, deep crimson ; George Glenny, 
yellow; and Dr. Brock, golden yellow. These varie- 
ties are recommended by Mr. John Saul, who is an 
authority on such matters, and I can testify to the 
excellence of his judgment. The King of the Crim- 
sons I consider one of the finest of the dark red, 
hardy chrysanthemums. One of the most beautiful 
flowers of the anemone class is Princess ; it is white. 




Pompon 
Chrysanthemum. 



248 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 

In our more southern gardens these varieties will 
be found blooming as late as Christmas, if Decem- 
ber should be mild. 

The chrysanthemum is indeed the last and most 
beautiful autumn flower of all Flora's train ; and 
whatever we may say of the rose, we must acknowl- 
edge the lovely Golden Flower another queen — the 
Queen of Autumn. When the summer flowers are 
gone and the birds have flown southward ; when the 
chill winds come down from the icy regions of the 
North, when there are no leaves, no blue sky — 

" No t'other side the way " — 

then comes our Autumn Queen, and fills our laps 
with a wealth of bloom the like of which we never 
saw in June. Oliver Wendell Holmes sweetly sings 
about the Golden Flower as though she were an angel 
queen : 

" The fields are stripped, the groves are dumb ; 
The frost-flowers greet the icy moon — 
Then blooms the bright chrysanthemum. 

" The stiffening turf is white with snow, 

Yet still its radiant disks are seen 
Where soon the hallowed morn will show 

The wreath and cross of Christmas green ; 
As if in autumn's dying days 

It heard the heavenly song afar, 
And opened all its glowing rays, 

The herald lamp of Bethlehem's star. 



SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 249 

Thy smile the scowl of winter braves, 

Last of the bright-robed, flowery train, 
Soft sighing o'er the garden graves : 

' Farewell ! farewell ! — we meet again ! ' 
So may life's chill November bring 

Hope's golden flower, the last of all, 
Before we hear the angels sing 

Where blossoms never fade and fall ! " 



17 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX 

OF THE NAMES, COLORS, AND LOCALITIES OF 

FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES, 

INCLUDING A FLORAL CALENDAR. 

The names with the asterisk (*) are those of flowers not 
mentioned in this book. The letter on the right of each common 
name is the initial of the botanical name (or vice versa), also in 
this index. 



252 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



a a, 

3 0> 






3 CD 

<!t/2 






' £t3 
45, cd o 

a! h fe 



ESS* 

CD cg 3 
T3 cd co 

n 



to co 



«3 S 



o • 



".s 



#2 3 

o.H o 

a 



■3 O 






^ CD 
Sen 



o o 






,3 

3 O 

W 0) 






s ■< 



<1^ <l 



0) 

O-Jji. CD 

o^ES- cu 
^ S 

o> 9 u co 
"» £ <d 2 

R CD 2 g 

fi 5 4) ,3 

s S-^-g So 

3,2 r» O CI 

~ 05 ^ g* 
•« S C M "t-l 

o o-c o2 

O O U «tJ T) 



•5 o 



h. oi 



V 

ta 

'cot> 
3 CD 
<1 CO 

O CS 

Ft 

hi 2 

cu -52 § 
-OS S 

<* ^ 



CD^ 
CD O 

.2 a a 

.2 0) . - 

85 -2 
s & 
•~ e 3 

8 8 cj 

^ 3 



©8 



o> 3 ■ o) „, 

laltl 

.PQ 



scjsei 
» 5s s b > 

eo CO vj O O 

^a ss^i 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



253 



S 535 



CO 00 






&< 






s» 









■^ -jIS 



1-5 <i Hs<| 



T3 . 

cS £ to 

la * 






i c3 5* 






eg 1§2 
eg m 03 O 

H o o -a £ 

el a§a 



'•2 3^ 



o o 

bO bC 






So Q 

Ho H 

■2-sgS 

« ^ 03 2 



-a « 



So . 
■9 £ 

1/2 £ • 

8™ 03 

III 

O) <» ~» 



C 



'Sb^ 









£ s fc 
*s s » 



c o 
££ 
s 2 



£ >> 



a; a 
a ^ 






■3, ^ 
Ml 






£•2 S3 






254 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 






&t IS" 






®0 50 *0 wo ^O 



P o 

►>* 
"gfe" 

9-° 

CO 



fH O 

O) Si 

IS 60 






frlSl 

« Si 






o 3 



-2=3 



►9. . ^o 
: «o§ Eg* 5 * 



£* 



1* 



S «s 2 
. o O 






Oj fl 



^3 



1 t- S <D . 






05 a> 03 

"to '5 '55 
000 
a p, a 

SEE 



73 +? 

is => 

.8,8 2 



^ 



o 03 
-rj 0) 

1" 

0) ir; 



ail 

gee 
s *- § 

$. <t w 



&?£ 

>>-S s 

8 e og 
2 s of 

•~ o 



CD 

.9 ■ 

fe-^S 03 
OjS 1 ^ » 



»£?> 






11 111 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



255 



(M N ff) « t- 



a*0 



P°0 fto ftU ^O 

J*0 <^z 4>0 JhO 

<3 02^ 02 "H 



1^ 









M a 



+s c3 bo 



It 

o u >» 



ShT3 
te o 






fteS 

§! 

02 CD 



com geS •*?" O 



"O 03 

a a 

as cd 

a cs 
la** 
o B - 

B * 



e^ 



CD CD ^ CD 

-•2 «J) S« SS'2 ^ • 



c8 be 



O fl 

*= a 



«5 -i 

a 5 



o 

o 



,4) 

E3 



rife 






in <D 

o, a 



u a c u 

.■S ft bci 

>.i5 eg a 

!> cj J- rf 

ft O * 



^ oj 

i.9ft 
•Sft^ 
^Cft 

fe 073 

o a 



5 -ffo 



£ & 









i> ft 



8 <n ^ 



M O oXhh>^ 



o d m +j 



^ <1 



t. I- « s- s-, u a 

CD-£ CD CD CD CD 5 
03 <fl CO 05 03 !» +J 



05 i£ 



^ <j 



8 S 

s a 



256 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



-T QOCO 






G ft ~ ft 
fl CD 3 <D 



ft tf p, <3 






ft=« 



>>b0 






bo bo 

3 2 



•S ft ° 



CD 

ft 03 . 

sill 



fl 2 fl 

S £ s 

S3 a 

O fH O 



Hd 



S 03 
O 00 



- © . o . 

SB'S fl i 
. o 



O 50 



ft§ 

c bo 



>*> CO ^ 0) 

s"§ 3 ft 

fl CD /-, S-, 



CD o 



+3 <&4J 

.fl bc^ 

3 $ os 

O W 



03 Q 



.•fl^ 
£ft 



.flT3 
bCc3 
C.fl 

£< CO 



kS5 



sgs 



o „ 

CO -73 

'os # 



J jS& 



n « 



111 

fll 



,M <3 



S-2 
,5+3 



<£ be 
CD be 
CQ CD 
* « 



a 
ti 

B 

co 
CD fl 

.8 8 



,2 s - 

£'e 

d~ o 

■gfc*.- 



Iff 

•82 

<U CD 

Oqpq 



1 Ss 
£> IS 

«5 ^m 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



257 



<H 1-) 01 



3.2 



bTCD Tk! cd 
Hi 



5 CD 
<J02 



^ 2 ft | § £ 53 §* § 5 
^1-5 <|S "-502 



I-S02 <JCO 



= 5 
t-5^1 



W 0) 
— <T3> . 

'?^ 

Si 

3* 



3 £.2 



a) a 
H o 
co a 



&0 



'V J*. 



rd 



O o3 

02 



a.s 



o 



09 



<3 "3 



rig's 

°"?cS 

,'OB 

£■" e3 

02 






o a o 

. CD 53 

^ s 

Cg. O 



1! 

r- 



o c 



.'CD 

^ ri 
o 

S 

a 



Sis 



a* 



CD 



,S>3 "S cd 
#8 II 






CD jj 

T3 O 

pq 



8 a 



O o3 —■ 
.2 § U 






feg 






■ <u ft ^r 

co o3 cd 

^O CD 

O co ^ 

Q-o. "? 



^53 

cp-O^Q 
T3 CD o3 

3££ 



53 

f.5 



0«|D 

CD J- - 
CD? - CD 

coO bo 



O .S CO 



ftt_ 

53 - « 

h CD CD 

CD 13 73 

"d o3 o3 



wmw w www w m 



mm 



CD J 

3 of 

•S bp 

^ .3 

S3 a 

03 o3 



4a" O 



03 
Pi 

C5 


3 


•rt 


bn 


0) 


o3 


CD 


N 


CD 


CD 


53 


3 






« 


PQ 



258 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



GOlO T-t 



s a 

p3 






<J02 



i-JCQ 



■ a 3> a o flX» 

: 3J3 do 33 



?■ ^§ an 5o 5^ §3 



< s> 



£g 

I 5 * 



CO Or 



oy • 



i£ 



O *-> "tJ CO^H.-H 

g^ SS^-s 
£^ .OS ~ 



»2 c£ 
-© jro 



Ag 



ft a 



o o 



fe 03 



J'* 

5 a 



a . 

O CO 

a a 
a <v 

gel 
§60 



s a 

s a 

O o 

D O 



3fc 



•6h> 



2 §§ai 



o.S 
a° 



a . 



r 



be 



o 



cdS <u % 
o tt as 
.2 «_ o o 



-« "S 



2 5 



ffi M 



a" to 



©3 

^ © 
a D 

P* fe CO 



tS ©S 
•<- 0) u 

-^ 

© 






^e 



W S-s 



n wwffl 



O S fl 

o ^ a 

O ec O 

112 



CO 



CO 

© a 

© .. 
a co 

^1 
be be 



^ S 



oqm m 




Small-leaved Burdock. 
Arctium minus. 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



259 



i- ~=> 



'S s 



^<1 o^ £«! 



03 > 
G o 

5£ 



<t}Hj 



bo ffi p ft a, 



K $ a 

3.fe O 

a«a 

p k - o 



£? ° ° 



g£ 
6§ 



§3 

o 6© 



OT3 

o a 



2*5 

r^ - » 

1* 



*i 



N «5 

^ a 
£2 



ftS 



ft >» 



-O bO 

03 a 
« g 



^ 2 ? 
,2° § 

fin ^° 






p I 

60 g 




73 

03 

0) 


3 * 


A 


I? 


cS 3 


3 


h 


. O 


o 


03 










in 


0) 








3 3 


3 


3 


CQ PQ 


pq 


« 



as 8 

03 j» 

£•5 



&ls§ a 



3 

^8 

S 

c3 _ 



!t3 



c8 c$ c3 c3 
3333' 
73 73 73 73 73 

3 s fl a a 

03 03 03 03 03 



8-3 
■So 



>« 03 . 

3."* 



03 S^ 



O oj 



• l>.33 

U 03 

. 3.3 

:£§ 

-3 

a" 

3 03 



S>3~S 



lgS?si 






02^ H-I^H^CS03 SMS 03 .<» d= >S T 

I 3 jgpHGGH,~p°.2 03^2,^ § 



3 -Sri 



0<w c3 c3 



= 11 i 
3l|l 

•3 111* 

"3888 

oooo 



», 5 73 *» •« S «« 

■2.g©« s^-H 



8-S-o 2~ ^§ 
£ Si S § 2 I & 

8 e« a e<3 8 
OO 00*0 



260 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



CO !-( 



ec o» o< "co t -1 oo «n 

(30 ^00 rOJ ^00 OJ 
lOrt t~ i-l lO i-l 



6o 



3 3 p3 3 £ 



a ft 



£>ft 
1-3 02 



<» be 



CD .'43 dJ-tJ 

a «ft a ft 

^ <|o2 ^02 






<l> co £> ,q be 

5 8* 3 



1-1 « 



cs^a 
w "53 h, 

£ °3 



OS 

ft - £ 

Up 



^3 



O &0 



I ft 

~ °3 £ 03 

ftbO o &> 

P *-" 



-bog 



Sco 
o bo 



ft-? 



2 t." •- ^ 



Pi "3 



2,15 ,*[_,' 

ft 03 






3 <u 



* -a 

.s s 



ftcO 

S3 



09 - 

O CO 



3 3 



OO 



O O 

I? 



c 

C CO 



ft 

3 
.O 

3£ 

CO CO m 

fee" 

•^ S 03 



^ 8 



^O 



o o 



e e co 



o'co o 

isl 

^-^02 

•r a> co 

O ^.?3 . 
*? ftOH 
S^bO 
-$f02£,3 

*►; ■* 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



261 






t> t- tj< j> i> i- i~ 

■* T)> lO ■>* Tf Tf TJ< 

W ©* i-c C* <H C* (J* 



£«1 %Z so 



3 3 



>> CO 

ftrQ O CO « C3 • O 

*£ I 03 s 



<3 a) 

o aj 

En 



© o3 K - in 



la 






-T3 

lis 



£ -3 
> 



73 ° 

.a a 
Ph a 

o 
O 




be 

«.a 

co *> 

P© 



5 ss, 



bjO 





e^ cd 








e 


*** 




;» a 




« s s 


S 


^8 •« 




fin 


-<3 


go^g 



^ eg, 



£■§§1^-3 8 

'as'Sfissa 

3333333 

aaeaaaa 

CO CO CD CD CD <U CD 
J3 A J3 A ,3 ,fl J3 

+J +3 +J +3 -*S ±3 -fci 

C £ 5 C C 3 a 
eS ci ci ci c5 c^ ci 

05 CO 02 CO CO CO CO 

>>>>>» t» >> h >» 

S-, (_ t, u t, t- i_ 

, ^3 ,3 XJ .3 .3 .3 .3 

ooooooo 



262 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



'fflNNl-M eo to lO 

rSSSSSS S 8 2 



-tf'COao „ 

Q0Q5«o 






ft 0> 



a ft 






fe©.^^ c ft 

ft 01 3_3 p o 



TJ<3 

$* 

W o3 



5 <« o3,2 



•eS 



S c8 
O ft 



fet-s 



O 



3 03 
OB ..f . * £ £ 

Sg *5 o3 g * rt ,03 

a 61 £ g c a 









b-i^ 
" hi 



fl-2 



T 3 te 



<u ft 



Oft Ph ° 



O o> 



0>T3 Q 



T3 o3 
II 

a" a 

3 3 

aa 

0) 0) 

3 3 
o3 o3 
W CO 

-3.3 



WD! Wj) 

£8 2 9 
till 

ssaa 

3 3 3 3 

aaaa 

0> 0) 01 o> 



1 1 



a^ ^ 

Pi .1 

^3^3^ 
^S3S 

§b§sg 

-SobtSj: 

O O O 



•eg 

S S 



8* 

a a 

§ S 
a a 



o> -a -a 



IS" 04 

8 o) O O 

'sjsa 

"8 »»« 3 

S|8p 

-^ 8 - 

s a s o 

O O.^ 3 

^•^ a ^ 
«j « a a 



OOOO b O 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



263 



« tH 



"3 3 3 © 3 5 33 "3.3 "3 5! 

t-5<t< 1-502 1-5 < >-i< ►"5 < < I-S^ 



<J0Q h^<J Shi S^s ^ 



o 


"o 


o 


CO 




«j 


T) 


TJ 


TJ 


O 


o 


O 


o 


o 


o 


O 


O 


CJ 



o a^ ° 






ft? 



-flS 



qS 



.5 £'& 



Ef- £?^ a *- S 
cS -A oj a o3 o 

fe w to 



sis*- 



.2 • E 

rrt 03 O 



■J 03 O 

ins 



. Ot3 



o 
£ 
S 5 og ^.03 S 






fe *p j) t co a; 

a .SF3 5 S3 



a ££ «3 =3 

g3 > £§ 



0) i- 5 



? 3 



I .6 



si 

o|> 



5§ 

CO s> 

.2 5 
OK 



05 o 

C 03 

'2-* 

6 o 
* o 



n> - 



I 8 



eu 



■2 §._ 

a 



p p p -a 
O O Oo 

* * * o 






• CD " 



9^ 



CD J- YTJ-r 3 

®"2£,a o3 3, 



P<CD.§ *p 2 
co & s- "§ •> a 



5 S-iS ** 

g CD S> ^-+ol3 

000c 00 
* OOOOO 



264: FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



8, 



g-3 § S 



Z S 
I 8 



£>ft 

H-5 02 



a ft ~ 3 



Is^tX 



^-•ft 
3 a> 



o P 






P 



£o 



1 ~ s I & 






: o § 



<U 03 

E- 1 P 
, a; 

< bfl 



ft . 

c S 



P CO 

Si 

. £ be 



O 4) 






•el 



0J 



* a; 



■o P 



OJ 



o o 

a ft 

s s 

o o 

O O 



o 

|| 

SO 



8 S 1 
* o 






" fi o o.t? 

„03pfc:p£H 

° a) o <u ce 

CD Cti Q 03 -r-c 
£ 8 J* (If© 

q3 ? S S o: 2 

a s s> v p. — 

U J- O O S- - 

oooO°P 
00**00 



-3 rf 
to - ft 

OPS 



CtaS S3 



o o o 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



265 



d rvc3 









t-jl-s gr-j <302 



cc 2 
S- o 



bJD 



i3 c o 



ft'S ^ 
5 = ~; 



§£ *« £2 

„ O !»^ 3 CD 

£ ^ .la -de 

2 g C 03 « „- 

fe « ^ ^ o3 






-a 

• IS* -- 

R is 



42 o 






&*> 



^§5^ . 

.. • o3 . ,o 

O j <i> e5 an 
•S <i3 in P 



H~ 



S-H 



SI'S! 

O O k" 



p. . 

o a 
u o 

dl 

£§ 
o o 



m 

SOU) 

Ph bet*. 






0J g 

X! O 



2^ 

► ftjfS 



"3 a3 



.2 £ 



o> 



i- 



s 

a 
c 

a 

SO 

a* 

Si: 



T5£ 



Is 

O w 
-e3 

is 



II 



a 5 

o oris 
J- S Si 



o o 
S3 a 

OJ 

-a - 

c S 

c3 S 
S3 £^. 



S 1 

a £ s 
a. o a, 

•pi 

III 



a M 
H O 



Q « 



18 



266 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



„ QOlrtOOS 



^ 



i hi) % £> 












CS o 



_ oj 
o 



h-5 o 



« « 



o « 


cS 


rH 


Pm 


fi o 


o 


o3+j 




M-rt 


H 




Jzj 


T3 




S 




^ 


CD P 


T3 O 


T3 O 








r^ 5 



ft 



CD 
O to 



teal jj 



j3 E 



S-P 



5x 



l?° 






III 



C^3 03 •= 



■21 






■a 

M 






O O 



° 3 
ffi CO 



^^ 



Oj 
ft 

& 
«l 

e) 
o 

03 H 






-J 8 a 

o o e o 



ta 3 



£§ 

Oj^3 

T3* 03 

o a 









£3 3 



. q tf o3 8 8 






cS b3 8 8 d cS 

p POOOft 



^ 8 



5-3 



p 



00 






A -S*^ 



OOOO 



e%2 



3 W 
-e 8 

2 .8 pq 

S H) CD 

aeOQ 






OS 



™ 03 

8 co 

III 
HI 

58! 



w o <u 

000 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



267 



T-l l-H IOO 



q a 

3 0) 



<% 



3 3 3 



p,o3 c3 






.2 S3 .a 



.a* 

o . 



^ 3 

. q 

X2 






gas % £* 



p o 



■o? o ■ 



.S3 £3 



3£ £ 



CD 

q 

§) J 

ft 









H 



is «• s 

8 SUfi U 

Ml 



o a 
« 2 

1) CO 



tc 



So 



4) +J 2 



3 > «2 



:5-§, 



_cd1>^^ 
'co CD'2'a 

■ co r- S 



8 

t- JO 

&Q3 



q^ > 



pm 3 



o -o 
° 2 

bfi o 

5 O 



o?83 



Bl S 1 >=i 



t- g m S 3J ' 
f-o £ £ > >» 
hOSOOcjw 
o s» ~ '^ CD w 



_ o 

q <d 
fa ^ 

6£ 



pa 



: >, c3 
i «- a 

; s a 

;rp C3 



w 



&3H * 



268 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



HE3 © 






S3 o3 



Sfei 



CD 4J 

3 cd 






CD*j CD^J 

fiftfiU 



jr-a 



.2 a 

o a 



a or 

P2 g*"a 

o 



^-3 
C oi 

u o p_. 



P.4 



cd a 

utli 






G 

la 



o o 
c S 









1^1 a II 

is I Si 



fe' 



o §« 



I II 

>H CD ? 



G o 



£ G £• 

► I S 



• £ d 

eg cdPh 
3 CD 






*" 2 S o 



k Oi O S^; 

? &q Kl 



0> CD 0) 
=p >> JO 

O CD O 

pQOflH 



CD 



CD 



2 sis w 



aar 
J Jig 



fc^: 






"P 6C 




Downy False Foxglove. 
Gerardia flava. 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



269 



ssS 



SS 



i-sCC 



tap, &Cft bfl 

5i P Oj 5 3 



cft5fa 

3 03 3 0. 



o3 CG 3 c3 



O 






03 

lit 

PQ 



03 O 



03 '-'tj 

^ Q O 

J So 

bp P<£ 

J O 



a £ a 
oSo 

££ a 
as a 

o sh o 

o 2 o 






> 






_, £ 03 03 -<i 



03 , 02 'E g^i 

&|Sl| oil 



is 



°A3 a 

H§ o o 



h: 






go.- 



,d 



as a 

SI 



> > o 



k- 1 a i* 



2J"03 
.2 O 



«h r 1 



o fe 



oi! 



a 

fig 



ft m 



^ H 



£ 2 

*> o 



-W3 03 

03 0) 03 
03 ,03 ^ 



P o 

T3 03 



03 fl 
IS 



03 g 
03 ^ 



bij 



o3 § 

£ 2 

• ° 2 

A 03 .g fl 03 

S ^~ 2 bo 



270 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



£ 




E 


wwocr 

IOC9WI- 


1 


• | 


« 






CO 

1-1 CC 




O »0 C6 
CO ro CM 

i-i 5* 


li 

|5 £> 












ifti>ft 

3 CD 3 5? 


>j bi ^ bi >i bi) 

333333 


2 bi g bi tl^-g, 

3j 3 3 3 CD 
t-i<J t-5<J I-5CC 




a 

g 

1 












• d 

C3 S3 
1 § 
£ be 
& g 

O 


-d 

ill 
& s s 

g bo bt, 

a 3 3 




.CO T3 CO 

bC g b0 




J 


o 










73 

a 

CO CO S- CO 

12 -&!£ 

a kj rt cs 
O "So &*> 
pco 

&5 


S 33 c3 -O e3 
^ cS O § b£ 


a ri a 

OOO 

ass 
s s s 

OOO 

OOO 




o 


o 

3 










"3 £ & cu 

^ c p ft 
& ? 2 S 


Ba m -eft 

s o! 3 CDi3 
>^3 O S- . 

c & 'C - ^ 

^ft^ fi^ 


CD .2 CD 

A cd ^q 

^ 1 ► 




1 


o 

be 










5 a5 

'55 "55 
o o 
ft ft 

s s 

c o 
O O 


CD Cp CD 

'w "E3 '55 
000 
ft ft ft 
S S S 
000 
OOO 


-d 

>-i U. CD 
CD CD CD 

Cm 




CO 
W 

H 
M 

« 
<i 

Q 
ft 

g 

3 

Ph 

72 


c 

a 
_y 

5 

& 
,c 

+: 
C 
C 

£ 
cr 

a 
t> 
C 

5 
:- 
c 

* 


c 

c 
"a 
> 

i. 
f- 
a 

cc 

a 

« 

e 

■? 


a 

s 

a 

j 

1 

c 

,-• ? 

-o c 


c 

T 

.2 

c 

c 

c 

a 


| 

1 

I 

l 

> 

C 
P- 

>c 

a 

ob. 

z 


a 
'I 

i— 
&> 

B 
- 

'a 

» 

'? 

c 

1 


s 


y 

2 


cc 

a 
t- 
c 
PC 

1 

< 

a 
'5 

C 


1 

•■$ 


5 Q 


"J 

t 

3 

s 
c 


P 
C 
t. 

& 

c 

B 
EC 

a 

| 
2 

c 

5 

2 


4 

, c 
5. 

1 

1 

* 


PC 

s 

i 

s 

1 


P- 
1 


e 
a 

a 
C 

a 
a 


S 


is 

. cd' 

_d 

3 
dS 

% 
*s 

CD 

CD 

s 

CO 

| 
J? 

* 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



271 



00 ?o OS 00 00 to 

COCOWnr-IT-( 

©* <N ?< <N i-i tH 



*5 






3 cd 



-3& 

3 a> 

►"SCO 



►"3 <<C7Q 



?1 



<d Pi 



O :3 
O 03 O 

JO J3 



o 
a>5 



^ c v 



2r* 



O 50 

~?b 



3 o 



o to 
<*- a 

^ CD 
°£ 

a ^ 

O 



H 

o a 

°-8 

; ^^ 

J" a 



a, a 



fcjOB'T 

'I h <d 

-PB B 



£p3 



."B CD 



aa 



.2 B 

opO 
Sd 

O <*> 



1 > 
Ok °3 

CD i> 

CDr-=< 

50 a 
bS 

O ^ 

&C CD 
B > 



VD ■ . 

eseeSS 

*i * * 51 11) 



I £ 



CD !> 

>>B<3 

73 ,Pk 
B V 3 

'3 g"3 

g £ g 
cu B 53 

& 



CD P w 

-ri i 
■C CD <3 

sa| a' 

3.3.S 3 

S'S s "a 

5 CD S CD 



p 

>s CD 
B > 

"2, 

,0 
cDfm 

faCcD 

«5 
o 

fee 



•2 o 8 



cc 



S» C eS *h 



S w 

■S-S-8 

■3 *-& 



<j cq paoa 



B 3 



£5 CO 



272 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



1 


t- f~ t- t~ C© ?> t- CO T- 

35 CD C5 OS 05 C5 CO 05 IT 








•r-UO CC 


CO 0!0 

* n« 


o i 


bc» be ft 

<JCO <J02 








• Sfft 

• 3 CD 

:<|go 


Jsti, i?ft b 

3 a7 =3 CD « 
1-502 -I-3C/} S 


ft=« 


>> 


ft 


a 
6 

w 


CO CO 

too be 

3 s 




"8 

CO 

bfi 

3 




o 

CO 

bC 

3 


O *S CO 
W CO -o 

S S § 
b£ be pi, 

3 3 


ftco 

i| 
fa 

O O 

pq o 


£ be 
^to 


T3 

a 
cS2 

CO CD 

ftca 

a 


1 


g o cc 

gp Cube 

P §£ 




© 
ft 

o 

!§ 

W CD 

■p 

M c1 
gbC 

o 




o . 

O CO 

o a 

Z\ to 
o"S 

CD o3 
ftbe 
cS „ 
O 0> 

r" ft 


a'H i'S 

n't a; &£ cc? 

a 6 s 


Ot3 

Ms 


g'g) 

O 
$25 


to> ■ 

,T3 to 

o W P 


6 






T3 rt ©' 
OHftg 




*ft 

CD CO 

CD 

u 


73 -eb 


CD 


^3 
.2 CD* 

CD S 

el 


is© • 

--3 S CD 

cS S 
Ph 


s 


w _co 

I— I M 




CO 

1— 1 




_co 


bc^ i-g 

so Co g 

S § la | 


O 
O 

It 

p 

o 


CO 

o 

o 


^ 

3 


</5 

H 
H 
W 
2 

Q 
Z 
«i 
en 
W 

Oh 
Cfi 


; 
s 

5 
N 

ft 

1 

3 


s 

1 

c 

5 


l 
1 

5 


c 
c 

t 

C 

V 

z 

s 


= 

f 

c 
c 

2 


I 

cc 

V 

5 


0- 

C 


t 

: 
s 

cc 

= 

c: 
C 


j 

c 

2 


a 

c 
c 

a 
a 

J; 

1 

^. 

8 

3 


2 

c 

1 

* 


c 

S 

C5 


o 1 
1 

6 

CD 
d) 

CD^O 

<lo 
a a 

<D CD 

2^ 
oo 

* * 


C 
bj 

ci 

"c 

CD 

cu 

Cf. 

O 
W 

CD 


3 

t 
a. 

o 


'5 

1 

E 

i 

■a 

c 
d 

CD 
CD 

1 

o 
«i 
■c 

a 

e 

> 

o 
o 


s 

E 

c 
c 


p 

c 

c 
C 

CD 

a 

B 

| 

9. 
U 

e 
s 

' 1 

c 


o 
a 
> 

1 

o 





A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



273 



COCO iO 

T-i r-l to 









'■ >> ^ bi> <g >> 

:-3 ^ = St3 



^ 



3s 

1-5 '"S 






Sfa 



bCo, 



<W 



-A 0. 
O c3 03 "O 

o w fl 2 
fl,d 3 £ 

^ <t> O ^ 

ei "S be .2 



II 



^t3 3 
ctf c O 

O M t* 






-d 

^ be 



r 



■•".■a 



so 

q o 



H03 



b^ d 

*3 



b^ id 

0*58 

^d .9 



G ,-, ^ 



-a 

in 






be 



u bt p % 



(3 a >' 

CD ? 

gd-2 

PQ 



a> ^ 



o 
s- 

O 

CD 
05 



£§:£ 



3-^ S 5 
cp § e 



O ,50; 



is 
11 


S'S 


'S 


5- 


■S* 


— > S-sS 


-0.0 


s 

-0 


e 
s 

iO 


ST! 




so 

C!5 


SS 




3 


,8 a 





00 CO 






ig: 



£ « 



274 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



tot* 



$& $i. %& 

O CD ^ <U 3 

<lco <|a2 ^co 



II 



Co 



tc ^ +2 CO > 

P-< s o 3 « 



si 



gS 



aV «3 a 
S I ceo 

-o ^ o^ | 



o 



c6 o • O 

•2 d H o 

+3 O «3 cS 



, ; * 



B 6 



:.»g 



o 



o^ 00 

s >» 8 >. 

«U ffl ! 



3 o . 



w p. 



^ ^ 



8?-2 



Hi Hi 



•2?S 
* - - 

GO O ' 



i 3 « 



frfl 

.O o> 5 s 



V 

2, Otf 



5?~tf .c3, 



0)Ph 



gGOu 

2 ft) «s 
S c/: s 









s 1 1 l^g-S 

t « 00 .^°Q S O 
■3 „ 3^cn <v,-5CQ 



-j 3 
S^cocotSM 



.J.C 



^SHj' 



) 5~2 






A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



275 



<I<CO H^ HjCO *-,<J 












co 75 CD 
o ? H 



ftcc* 



cs a ft 

CO oj 



§ 3 . r 
O ^ -r 



CO - p. 



■S CO « 



o_; o •: 
to 3 " 



o3 o3 
tvoO 



5 

"^ c3 
CO 



cox 

03 £_, 

!■§ 

3^ 
O O 

a* 3 



^£; 

o E 

CD CD 



o 



H^ S3 



S3 
o bo 



c tic 



,3 ,3 



^ £ d 



Ph 0) CD 



Pm CD 



qT3 

c S ® 5 

to 03 -ki +3 

Oft ^ 



o 

3h 3 



^>i 



s ^ ±;^i 



W « 






CD C 



"-' 3 



£ 8 

II 






_ <v w 

T3 CD w 

p.fl 
sit 

T3 •« S 



*s2 

3§s.gsi 



ffi K^ 



-J o 

CO sL 



™ £ 



II* 



&3 &j 



276 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



1 

<5 


lO Tf iO Tf< =0 T-t 1- 

-* ~-p rr -p i-H {- I- 
0* ©*<X Oi i-( rH i- 


rt 

h th OS 00 OS CO K 
. ,-i© OS t- I- cw 






1C 


| 


g 














'■ 1 . 

■ a p. 
• s 03 










S i-^i-s 


a 

a 

a 
g 












:^1 

(h-w P< 

£3^ 

" 02 




:& & "§■§ a 

• C3 w § 02 3 P-03 
'C'g g P.O O-rt 


03 05 'O 

11 fl 
Pag 

02 






J 












a"H 
23 
S£ 
35 

CO 




eg 

9 5 ° ° ° 
■35 3 3 S 
^g 3 3 3 

O W o o o 


^3 . . 
T3 3 fe 

3 O 3 
Ph 




6 

S^ 3 &a 

* C j5 03 
_• c3 ^^ 

B d 3 3 
03 


o 

6 












So? 




m >i a* sj, Raja's 


^ o 
IB © 




fea . 

ftX3 £ 

Port c3 

o2i ^ 


£ 












3 

'3 

in 

o) 

C5 




^ 0) ^ ■" 

J b J ,3 


03* 03 
05 ^05 

PU Ph 




.2 .2 

hH 1— 1 


w 

H 
H 

2 

p 
z 

8 

03 


o 

w 
w 

CD 

o 
r. 

1 

2 


2 

o 
o 

3 

71 

-Q 
e 

CD 

:=■ 

1 


> 

X 

a 
n 
o 

V 

3 
< 

03 
9! 

S 

c 

C5 


u 

o 
ffl 

0) 

a 
| 

E 


3 

1 
« 
pq 

a- 

e 

.= 

s 

c 
s 

1 


e 


03 

■ffi 
•-: 

03 
03 

a 

c 

c 

s 
■S 

s 
§ 


3 

3 
1 

"A 
CL 
03 
X 

h! 

J. 

c 


c 

a 

| 

E 

C 

p 




p. 


> 

pi 
,b 
•z 

a 

Hi 


8 

s 

03 

|| 


^3 

"c 

Ph 
i 

X 

_3 

c 
c3 
hs 

03 

03 

c 

5 
H 

a 

.2 
•3 
s 
I— 1 


Pi 

63 

s 

O 

be 

•B 

a 

03 
03 
DO 

o 
u 

y a 

= ': 
t^ 
* * 


PC 

' 1 
c 
* 


S3 
|l 

^a 

03 0) 

03 03 

. is 

ll 


d 

c 




e 

S 

1 





A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



277 



'i-i <N 






If 

•-5 1-3 



£3 "3 5? 



60 a, ^ 5? 



&03 o 



,r?T3 



op .. a &o 

be O £~2 
a be" 



£ a 
o a 
h! p 



bC e3 






,0 






S§ 









CO 73 

_0J a, +J _0J 



a to 



13 £ 

a 

CO 

o a 

«H o 

fe o 



— 5 a '&- a 

ocd 500 o^ 5 s - 

t?T3 "S ■g T3 vD £ CtS 

CO73 o "iT3 ^ S tR P 



60 ss 

a £ 5 a 
a fe g ess 



o a 

a v 

I 8 

O 



d 



«3t3t3 

13 § 



Scd 
•a * 



f 3 fe ^ 



a) a «s £ ^ ri g fe 



1^ 

be as 



o - 

cc a 
12 



ft 


<q 


■SOD 


•-3 










CD 
CD 




IS 


£ 

2 
£ 


a 


CD 


s ^ 


CD 





a 


la 

c CO 

&5 a 


a 
S 


Ph 


^ 


c3 

CO 


>> 




1? '- 1 






03 


S <& 


t-3 




•-3 


* >-5 


* 



Si 



.6 .8 






278 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



top< ^a a 

<U2 <|03 1-5 






*-5'-5 



£a £>ai>a 

^3 P © 3 
P=l-5 1-502 1-502 



73 © 

P. O S 
rt eg ! 



© 



02 W 

w 0, z a -s rt 

£ © .S e» g eS 

."ai y to ^ 



as 



03 CD" 03 
t>C~73 

o a o 
-° 5 ° 

^a* 

o 



So s 

=S § 03 






©'^73 

s 






43 3 

. o 

fl °3 

a 



Cg H-g -g 
~ ri o t* O 



^3 

•23 



^8 %* ^ 

Us*-' 



cS ft 



' 



t> © g .^fl 
j © 



P-q=! 



O o 
beg 

a* 



Jo o 



© 



^ e3 7^ c3 o 

o 



o 



© - 

« a 

►2 o 

C 73 
8 © 
<fc © 

IB 



Ph 3 £ 



a * p> 



ll 

so 



.2* 

8 © 

&3 © 

© u 
S * 



© cS^ 

<tf W ^ 

Ph eoCG 



5, © . © © © 

03 ft^~ ft a ft 
© a 5 a a a 

I 03 03 



WS "t 



sr 



73 73 £73 73 73 



8 o 
S^ 

CO , to 

Ph o — 

© £ S 
>> W s 

©^ 

S © ri 



°-5. 3 
20^ 



8 cS eS 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



279 



lOWOJW o* o> - 









1-5 <1 



3 3 



3 3 



rt „— 1 co 



^~ Ph 



£t3 
S ^ be 



K So 



• I? 

I 



&tcj 



1/ 






«V sa- 
gs 



Ec 






fc- 



=i 3 
o C 

^3 



i^5 i=>£ 



N* si 111*1 



2 3 




CD 




m 


J 






fc 










CL' 


£ 








■a 



££ 

£? £? 

3 3 






c e s 

«°» 

088 
o c § 



280 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



os io wo 






3 CD 3 0) 
1-532 I-SOJ 






i-5«2 <|03 









o o 

2>>£' 



°2 . 

ox a$ 

9 a ss-g 

.2x3 "a3 c3 

oc rg 



.S-d 

O . 



a 
a 

cs O 

Pn O 



§5 ^ 



O o 



# a -S-a 



*•,* 



CD CC .S CC 

O bJC P bo 



. O 

o . a 

^ a o 



03 

31 So 



&-2.-S ^ 



as 



fl ajg 



8S 



2 55 

. a ^ 

o k'3 

E-.S 

CD S CD 
CD S CO 



PL 

s i'S.s 

8 § 8 8 

£ £ ^ 9> 



c ,5 

^8 



w 

CD J 
CD „ 

Sa 

e l 
o a 

'sa 

o o 

^° 






■sss 

O CC J 
V O CD 



o o 
o o 

1JJ 



^~i rS O CD 



■CO 

o o 



s o 
o o 



-us" ^ S 



i||j3 

•^ ^S > £ *» 

g CT-S £$•£;< 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



281 



TH T-ll-l <N<N 



P §* 

1-5 Cfl 



Sfft 



-p a 

1-5 CC 






oj bo ^ >» 

5 = a°3 
5<J «!S 



■sr& 



c?S 



P (S o 

P P CD 
CO °3 g 



oj c3 



o a 



cp > o w 



41 •£ CO 

8?3S 

bSol 

O0)-h 



8.2*5 
•- C P 
X v v 

CD prO 

P . &c 

S02 



lis 

X CD a> 
^<3 o3 



i oo 



u> 



W .1 

o 8 



03 o 



3*2 

S 

o 
o 



£d 



'«§ p^ 
:| °.s 

! P £« 



£ w 



H 



03 P 
Eft 

.si 

.83 CI 

Ph CD 



P . 



CD iT3 . 

>>g P CD 

C P 83 60 

o o O o 



CD g 
13 O 



,P . 

. o3 CD 

P"^P3 .-B 



ft 



38 



s 

O 

P 

03 o 

jag 



S<£ 83 



u 






■T3 2 
,bC _bO 
o3 ol 



CDHH 
CD0H 

151 

J- be £ 
o3 CD O 
OJ ^3 



|| l 



^P 

03 O 



,P-P 
co co 
t- - 



gS 



.s-rt 

ft -3 CD 

_^o acD •> 

S|c?|| 
h o3 o3 ^> CD 



a ^ 



19 



282 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



§§ 



*< 



a a 

3 CD 
1-3 CG 



^< 



Z< 






pa -3 a 
< a a <u 

it-3 Hjjfl 



s S S 



r3 ^3 cd 



O CD 

S3 



^S 



■v o 

S ofi 



•a cd a 

O g CO 

OS 



O 



gt3 



3 o r^ 
..3 -^ a 



OS-S 






a2 

bo 



55 



9>o 5 -a =i £ P: 



©£> 



££S^' 



8* 
s.s 



22 



8^ 

I* 

I* 

oo 



8 

o 

a "5 



a as - 

a ^ s 

a a 2 



o *o 

■Eg 

93 



f-!*C 



111 

"c a, >j 



SSS 



§3 

8-& 

8^ 
^e . 

is* 

c3 u O 

H I 

&&* 

0. CD o 

t. h O 

&£ o 



a as 
a cb 

eoH 

Wo 

a 

3 co 

oO 

g CD 
^ CD 
CD CO 

£ 8 



5 8 

He 



1? 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



283 



| 10 1> l ~ l _ C* O CO 

■ 00 05 ^t* 00 OQ0 



OS««NN 



fill 






ft =5 fttf 



s- r >> £-£ 
<1S k;«2 



:a a 



-g t>>~ 

be o£ 

3 £S 



■a ° 

A CO 



b£ fe 



fe csj 



X3 >> . 

o Tj-a 

bfi • ,Q CO 

do £> 

a M £a 

ft £^ 



bc rt - co 

do £? 



CD bL 

5 a g,aW 

O* ? ScS 

ag-^> s 
o- *r. o 



cd~ 
a 

|s I 

ala 

a £ o 

oMq 






a °3 a ■- r 
o bo gra 



€0 



-3 CD 
a>.t2 - 

^ ft £: 

« 5 



•(£ CO 



^ a > 



► = la 

a a ^3 
, o £ o 3 



to a 

a s 



CD CD 
CD ft 



^"S 



£Scd 

ifl 

Ills 

oo-wto a 
-* 2 2 a 
=>££ o 



cd cd 



!>>>•>: 



CD CD <D+i 

a a a a be 

c3 cd o3 c3 -^ 

a a a a u 
a a a a a 
00000 



g3 • 

W : 

i • 

ft : 
ce . 

0« 

CO - 

IS 



§£ * 



"3 8 






a a 
ll 

? CO, 

o8fl 

s ^^? 
^o 



« u o 

h ~ Si 



S +2 cS Si 
8 E? I a 



ft 
a 



aaaaa' 

^ rj -3 -3 -3 



CO CO CO CO CO 

c3 c^ Cj Ct Cg 



284 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 





ffi 0? ©J ©i « lO 


i 


O* 


c 

CO 


1 


a 
a 




„ cn 
3 






Ifl 


g 






g 


00 

CO 


1 a" 

S o 


















1-3 
















S 
a 


















co 
73 

M o 
o 






3.^73 73 as . 
CD'S 3 73^73 

^ bb 






fta3 ftcfi 




o 
Hi 


















d 

o 

E3 

S 
o 
O 






ft . 

o a a 
5- o o 

o o o 






S e3 o 

O -13 




























° ss ^ 
£ft p: 






III 

M >M \» 




1 


















a 
u 
o 

o 

S3 

PQ 






^5t3 -OT3 
_bc c3 .b£ o3 

^i CO fe CO 






B ° .5 ° 

1 s '§ a 




«5 

E 

s 

> 



& 
< 

w 
3 

ES 

03 


U. 

I 

E- 

E 

c 
E- 
'■*- 
c 
b 
c 

U 
E 

t 

c 


i 
! 

i 

U 
"E 

S 

t 

; 
•j 

c 


S 

d 

IE 
l£ 
- 1 
; s 

! c 


P 

a 

n 

a 

- 

.= 

- 

jE 
.s 

J t 

|S 
' "v 

3 a 


1 

C 

c 

PC 

J 

s 

7 


y 
t/ 

i 
s. 

c 

a 
et 

a 

a 

? 

c 
; f 

,: 


a 

Q 

S- 
C 

c 

jE 

<<- 


> 

e 
5 

. 

rgi 

~t 


c 




a 
a 
& 
c 

d 

IE 

£ 

c 
t 
t 

B 

c 
E- 
a 
j 

s 
« 

] 


c 
= 
| 

1 

a 
a 
2 

_ 

= 

c 
-c 

C 

.; 
"c 




.= 

1 

1 

- 

S 

1 

1 


rj. 

a 
•J 

a 

Li 

;| 

-> b 
5 j? 


c 
c 

I 

c 
a 

I 

a 

' i 


!= 

co - 

11 


c 

* 
1. 

PC 

a 

a 

1 

c 


s c 

II 

'-Z & 

« a 
•^ J 

^ V 

5? 
-.= = 

P 

° c 

l» ~ 

Si 

u 


s 

C 
> 

1 

i 


5 

i 

t 

c 

1 


e 
c 

e 

DC 

a 

I 

i 

3 


II 

73.2 
^O 

'IS 

8,1) 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



285 



e3 3 



a 3 






^ 2 

a -2 



o d 

r-'O 






o . 






Q J 






ft yJ 



3 



Shh 






£ =5 

r 



S .M a & TLA 

S ft as ft g-3 

ft S & a 



5 £ & J 3 

ft 



J. ~ 

t>33 



I s 



t! 33 -d 

2 i a3 
•2 "2 .SiS 



11 






is 



si >x 
$i—'r 03 

£2|5? 

>>•£ o - 



^ 



-S « 



:'2 a; © a 

"$3 



6^T? 



?: o 

^ ho 

O 33 
S | 

CO 



llfl 
lilt 



oo*o 



eft 

3 S 
Ah ft 



^) ^> ^) ^ ^) 

'?> s> » s> S> 

„ J 38fi88 

c3 g3 c* S 2 t £ 5 

ft ftfta.a.OH^OH 



>>>>*, 



286 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



«(M«N'.<«rtnHrH^5((Srlr.(NrlrlTnr(H 



S 3 33 

^1-5 l-S 1- 5 






g CD CS^O „fe g 

M ;H O ^ » M 






02 * u 

o 3 



s g 



-1- o 






5 3 a 



a 

fin 

s ^ 

lis 

m 

« ~ 3 

£. = sS 



t3 S — ^ 



s S 

c o 

go 



cm 

.33. 
Cb - 3 . 






*£l 






"3, 



2.* 






sgso^s^csgsrogs 



liiiliillilliiiiiiliiy 

^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO -JH 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



287 






1-3 0Q H50Q 



2 &o b 

5^ 






2 &c 



"3.3 



-O +J 

o J 



i cc 

OH to O 

O c3 &>S O 

£ttgo3 £ 

•« <S » ft 

«~ O 



~2 

5<* 



C O 
aj O 



.0 



"E "E 
(D . <v, . 

g 2 



2 3 Us Si 

.£> o3 -^ cS « eg 






Si 






Sg 

e O 



£7 TO 

w o 



. — 



•3 f 1 =* 



Ph£ 



g <3 2 

a ? £ 






fe O 



^3-d .fi'O 
fcJOcj 6Co3 



0.0.0. 

gg gg sg 

a; 3 v 3 <» 3 



o . 

ss 

a> 3 



o . 
Sg 



o . 

£S 
a; 3 



■.1-1 • a> t> 

e ,g o <^ = r- £ 

.§ o?o3 of of^'S 

s 'g '3 '2 '3 H h 
iu a> "S "S "S Si ~s 



§. ■§ 



8 "3 

1 1 
1 I 



5 o 






o 

5 IE 

S R J 

r2 ^ S rS 



£> O M 

<U oj^S 3 

3 » S 

^8§ a 

■j; _^ ^ oc 



.2 "3 

.ss 

C 0) 



^5 

'7- 






288 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 






s s 



5 3 Z< 



&S* 






cu >> 

ft.M 
o o 



| -« CO 



-*> fl 

. CO «j &C 

>id^ " . 

'S a ° -d 

C R ^ cc 3 

aS to ^ 73 cc 

CO £ to O 



1*3 1 



TO 



2 05 



o<^ 



1 .— "-> K^ 3 cu 

Stfl ^ 2 ^ 

^-£t3 O fl o3 
F* > c3 * 



^5 3 



cu >> 

.SM 

Oh 



•-5 C 

a 

o 



B fl „; 



at 

E 

cc O 
. B 

. TO 



« ? 



ft^fl 1 



ft CO *3 fto) 43 

£ cu^ 5g cuo; 

■2 oil a^'i 

fl CD O fl CD § 

^ CO H— ' 02 



*ifl fl • 
O to o 0> 



B Or] 
CDfl fe 

CD CD > 






l^-a B • 
u^h to .h 75 



ft fl 
ft 



fl B 

CJ TO 
£ft 



B B 

co co 



o+3- 

TO o 



° 9 

ft" 



TO £ 

t^rB 



O-t. 

*o 

hC±4 

°"9 

ft h 



O +j O +j O -p 

^jJ o °3 o £ O 

TO ^ "c8 £ 13 £ 

>--:B >>-B >»--h 

p 9 p 9 p 9 



ft CO 



fl H 

Sco 



||.2 

lis 

SjO to 



■boS 
„0 cs.9 

.* ^ft 



tu 2 
be? 



cuH 



fl 




«£"S> 






8,852 


o 


ti 




TO 




.SP«^ 




> 


PhJ« 




B 


ojioi 


.g 


O 

CO 


D 8 Si 


ft 


£ 


o.o£ 
ft&i* 



e o 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



289 



?>»o 



0? 



Wgl CO ^ ^^^ rj« ^ O io 

ttGO'~ ,< ^W#3j-- ^CO ■* , ~1 T ^. 1 - 1 J> ^ {> CO '"Iw OJiOrt ^ O © <N i~i 3J 

""' rt ®£ ^J '-"-'co'- | Tt"- |, - | ^Tr^'-'^'-"-i^'^'-"-ii.- c^" ^T 






^02 






1 3 



o o o ^ o » M 
r 1 r> a S 



O O O n O 



^ 



03 Hfj^ 



-Is cS cS 
WqOO 

p-aaa 
q,p,ca» 
o o o o 

P^PmPhP-i 



aaaaaafift&a, 
oooooooooo 
PhPhPhPhPmP-iP-iP-iPhP-i 



S3!- 1 

fcB5l&9 



p-i 5' 



1-5 S 

■ £ <3 



« « 



o :-g 

S ^--3 

03 .a o^a a 

OJ3 C 3 C nf 

WWHPS 



i£ £ ^ ^ >V3 

taaaaE 
aaaaa" 

O O O O O o 
PL, Pn Pm fL, pL, Ph 



I 111 II 

ca o O C< X 

fS ~ 2S2 el 

£> _o o o o o 

ft^klft^pH 



290 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



3 °* 25 



^P 
3 <D 



3 CD 
1-5 W 



*>p, 3^ 



g t>c 



5<J 



x>p 
3 ^ 






0, CO 
TS 03 



O 



k 

s 



•a 
do' a 



03 T3 



3 J 
eS.O 



rap a gfl 

111 1^ 



S 03 



SS. 

rq 3 03 
■^ 3 



fe 3 GG2 






0> co JH CO--; r* o 

a; 3 & 3 a 03 :3 

Q.3 ^-S'aPM^ 

5 ^o ^ 



- 13 3 • 

CD r r-™ 



3 






p. P 

p p 

o o 

Pn Ph 



03 



CO 



3-S:^ 

3 i) S « 

(D 3 J) O 

^ K^ 

Ph P-s&i 



r 3 S_© 

<D 3 -P-l 
02 P5 y to 



O 5 P3-S 
© O rn Sh 

-e-H >>s i^; 

^P-cS^O 



£g3gp.2s 


3 

CO 


3 
co 

<u 

4J 


bfiS 3 S to s- 03 




Bl 


03 c 03 e 0* ojQj 


03 


01 


tfftqpciftstf * 


P4 


* 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



291 



i-H J> .C 



%Z 



s'>. 









C o £ m 



3 8. 

o 






§,« .fl'8 

o o .2 ^ 






0°"e3 . 



a . £ be . 
eg c3 0^>- 



HO 
ft 



3?> 

"SSg 

b£§ *> 

c ,S 

P.© 

CO N 






a 

"PS 



Ph . 

3§ § 

O 8 *j 

O e « 

.a^S -8 

' CO CO 

~ CO CO 

o> co co 

tf ft? ^ 



bio : a §" 



8 "g 



O co ^ co 
« ^•S'8 
8 8 r*. c 
^^ S-8 



co «o S 

O'S'8 
■s s o 
cl-8 

ft?"' 



!?1 



g8 



u 



ft? ft? 



ft? ft?ft? 



i.lf 

■§!"§■§ 

-^ft?£ 



eg - 

m 






S 8 i 

g S OD W 



ft?ft?ft? « 



292 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Sf ft Sf5 






£ to- 

2 3 
5^1 






fl^^ft 

3 ^ 3 ^ 



0) g 



73 « 

s • s 

«$ 5^73 ^ 

= 73 a o 

° - 3 £ 

ra to g 53 

o 5 






At! c 
|| if- 



►^ TO 
-TO& 



t^TOg 




.2 £ 


o£* . 


o 

a 
a 


Bfl 


. Y. t 

south 
dows 
ward 


TO 73 


Z— TO 

^73 0) 


o 


Hh3 


£^ 




3 


3 5 


ft£ 


P> 


^ 


Oj O 


0; o 



73 . 73 

3 to 3 

to£ to 

O.J fe ej 

K -r3 * ai 




ft . 

a « 

o to 



-^ 3 

rA <U -3 

^-s ft 



<u 3 
ft » 



3 3 

ft ft 

r3 0) 






w w g 



(D ft 



255 



o 


o 


►S 73 
TO V 

O 3 


o 3 

s Co 

S-3 3 


9) 
35 


0) 
05 


CD 02 

05 O 

tf * 


rt 


« 


05 * 



S 's en- 



3 1 * 


5 


rS 
3 


e 


0> ^ 


•S 


e 


•§ 


5 H 


53 




e 


<tj <u 




e 






-o 


-o 


-o 


2 2 




rO 




3 3 

«oq 


* 


| 


• 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



293 



Z< 



S(D 3^ 33 a <U 

^co >-> < 1-51-5 *-sco 



sS ft 






<S 



1- §• £° 
^2 S u m 



2*s & 



,0-0 

o>a 

Cm 



^ ,2 
o "5 

co S ^ 






**-6 ■ 

u ra o 
3=3 o o 






& a 



• > '0 « CO 

•- a >,.-33 

S2§| 

m ra 
^ » cs 

as 



:cd w fl ' 

^ S t3 • 
: «&' 5 - m 

O CO CO £ a 
0*3 co 5 c3 



^ CD 
o3TJ 






Ph a) 



CD O co h O 

a>a3 ai o a 



ft 



.25 £ 

a o 

0<32 
CD 0) 

is >> 

© 



c o 



rtx c^j 0^- 
-£"£ ^S -a"£ 
00 o o o C 

->£->£►->;£ 

CO CO as 



£ 

0) 



•~* CO 

.0 o 

•So 



s ® 
a SP 

OCO 

o^ 

MOD . 

cd a, , 

3 32 a 



11 



88° 

e 3 a 
coco oS 

* * CO 



0+3 -u 

115 

>-h o CD 

Ma.a 



sill? 

h e.§3=3a 

.5 a ■» e3 cS 

sg« ftft 

iUii 

3 eccsos 
CQ Co CQ co co 






^ H £ 



*S 



s CD- 
S' t* 

£>£ 

3 03 
CO CO 



§1 

co 00 



294: FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



be 

(5 


»r 


to 


COG 


s 


S 




So 




o 


en 

CO 


E 




| 




1 B 
S 1 




it ^ 






^§§^ |§ |§ £& §3 

Shj H,*1 ^Hj Shj <JCC Hi Hj 


CD-ii 

C P. 

HjtX 




i 




S CO 

o cd 

CO -H> J 






CO CO 

la is ££-£ ^s - ftps g 


CO 

£. CO 

Ah 
03 ^ 




1 

o 




o3 ij ^j 
a 8 22 

9 « C_j 03 

K2 o « 

ct 6J0 ^ bD 

1 s* 






°^ BJ . gx 
-■ MS^S |. • £c3 
o -iC'O^'O ^ c o • ^-i 
c ^«s R « = P g 2^^ 
| ^Sg* «| 1 »§| 
o 5 -a S - £° ° 5 • 


PI 
O 

S 

s 

c 

o 








§ -So 

k cd.3 

03 Qj 






, cd" ' 'd i 

^OO co>. u cd.-S C ."tt 

on « -p!^ 2h i> o-te 


^5 
p; 




1 




M c3 

> CD 

h3 






CD 

2 i2 "S* ^3 ^ ^ "S 
S hh h PQ^ | a 


J4 

5 




co 

W 

H 
W 

s 

to 
g 

5 

Ph 


£ 
t 

eg 

> 

a 

c 


rx 

C 

1 

s 

1 


ft 
03 
S3 

13 

CD 
CD 

O 

•SI 
si 

<o a 
c<3cx 
* * 


p 

- tt 

a 
% 


e 

a 

cc 
&j 

CL 

s 

4- 
C 

c 
a 

1 

a: 

ec 

1 

4 


15 

c 
■E 

a 

c 

1 

cc 


? 

.1 

e« 

fee 

= E 

03 * 

-7 = 

OS 


(X 

p 

a 

1 
c 
t 
a 
p 
a 


c 

i 

05 
c 
p 
a 

cX 

* 


"a 

H^ 

P 

8- 

a. 

ex 


PS 

1 

ex 

P 
a 
a 

,c 

CX 


C 

a 
a 

P 

pi 

V 

a 
a 


p. 
.5 

cx 


> 

X 

p 

.g-ex 

02 

IS 

81 
!« 

B a. 
<J2 

J«£ 

_g c 
K.S 

- *C 

OX 

o d 

exX 

* CX 


s 
s 


a. 

'C 

"C 


PC 

p 
c 

"i 

E 

e 

CL 
I 

e 
| 





A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



295 



CD si '-CD 

S3 e<3 



£<< g<4 



3 3 3 3 = 0> H 
t-S^j I-5H5 Kj«2 CO 



"2 "3 . O 

C 0) 50 05 

eS-^'3 "" 



25 9 



. "2 « 

>>ce S^ 

flll w J2 3 

ri % 05 O 3 

,CJ3 b£c O 



Wis 



5S, S 

H3 I 



0) 3 



Ng-s I 



£3 



5 C - 

fe'-S a 

. ^ OS -i-r) J3 3 

^ 3 S kj <*-' E § w ? 



O 3 

c'5 



J* -w CD «3 ,3 3 

ai> 2 <d ^ <u 



o r 



o 

PS 



S& 



,2 !0 U 



4> tx 



S CD £ fo O 

•~ oj CD S >o 
g 05^. S^j Y 

s 05 SrS 3 a. 

jVsS«J 

lll'pl 

* CflCOCQ £ 



8 £? 

e cd 

O GO 



e 



8 se 8 8 

S^ s s 
co cq cq 



296 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN". 



So §3 






Z s 

a I 






£>ft to-g 6«>£ 
^>W <t\ U <<£* 



bc-3 

3o 



wrg, 



3o 



« 3 "a 

So ^ 






S|3^tS £^3ftJo^ 
13 » .22 |o ^ o >-.« ^ e g - 



o 



■ft 
O «5 



g . 



.So 



i— I M 

O eS 






a >» 



i h s 






■s* 



™£ SS 5,- 

pO <$£ ^O 

0)3 cuJa -^rS 

o 



<D O 

1—1 t*. 






bcO 



►, i ►» Wk. 
o 



&CC3 



2 s 

Wo 



I! 



.B 



|2 

6^ 



CO 

^£0 



8§fel C 

O OCQ O^CQ 



•8 8 



£■ 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



297 



ss 8 



o 

w 2 8 






bjrg 

3° 









ft£ 
cdO 



O 0) 



liail 

tr.2 "Cfl -S - 

i£a5 «« >>S2 



s£> ft 
e3 a 






CD 09 

O £3 
O c<3 



si 

O 



09 « ^. 

1 g§I 






"2* c 
5^ O 



o5 ^3 



• a 03 



o 

fe'S 






h86 



2 £ j . .a . • 

o o .23 & .52 £ 
bcs a © a o 



a>s-p^a; cdS a 
M >, M bc>, u >» [£ 



£■9 



es 






3 3 



Oq 03 



^ 



3 



1 1 



o3 

CD 

02 
§ 

ccV3 

im 



? 03 

■CO 
03 «- 
ci. o3 

gw 

© CD 
CD 



So .2 

© o w 

03 *» «9+» 
g ess 

'S. -^ "5 'S 



02 CQOQ* CQ 



20 



298 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



p _ _ rtrt ©J TH 















cci 3 



0> 
Si 

o P 



o • 

O IB 



^2 Sg 



ho « 

p 



J eg 
M 0) 



T3 » £ c3 
COj«: 



ogee » 

•§§« g 



O °3 

o 



9 ^<« 

tf 525 



o a 



- e fi 

•eg a"° 

i*| If 



o J 

£3 



asi J* 



5 5 



B 



o 



so 

£?b 
«5 



og 
8 aS 



Co » 



pq 
Si 



02*?c/2 



S o 

II 



c3 W 

O O 

CQ CO 



GO 



I.. 

!» v S .8 W „- 

w « « 3 CD -2 

£>££-£ Q.8 
G u 5- 8 4) S 
« c3 a3;!- CD » 



3* 



I* 

6> 



•S o 



OQCQ CQ 



SB 
H^5 



la 



So ^ 

■£ka 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



299 



t^to 



^1 



3 o> 



3 a, 3 a> 



<02 <Ja2 i-s<5 






DO 3 <D 
1-5^ »-5CC 



s a 3 






CO 03 

F^ H "O 

c a i-J 

J C3 



CO 

^ o 



s 3 « >> o 

§ eg g* *-: a 

a « M 



- r-H M 

"*a 



S -3 • 
• a to 



o^o 3 fe ^fl ^ to 



a8> 

o 



•H 



+ 1 s 



3 th |Sc- 



w-9 £ 



to E to 






ill 

*|3 



-co 



o o P„o 
to: 



5* 



to= to^ 0,^-9 .-2 



<£> 3 .SP s Ph o o P" 



o5 Id a £§i 

.3 O 1> 'C " ji U> 

p* ^to £ ^3a 



SP* -a 
•2 2 o 
9 3 ft 
>-S S 
h^- 1 o 



<X> O 

•3 i 

a -3 

s S 

02 ,5 

* 03 






ga 
Si 

o^ 

<d <x> 
££ 
o o 
ted 
s a 

3 3 

0202 



Hi 



OP-|02 

CD <D d) 
&££ 

o c o 
<3t3t3 
3 3 3 
3 3 3 
O2 02O2 



Ph 


3 
03 


3 
O 
O 


+3 




A 


cu 


V 


P 


•S 


Is 


i* 


cci 


03 


02 



300 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



£ 


203 
203 
203 

180 

142, 180, 

183 

103 


208 

17 

18, 158 

159 


CO 

00 

" ec io oc 


198, 202 

174 

142, 173, 

183 
188, 190 


1 a* 
a J 






i-jCO 


'•it 








H,<3 1502 


ft * 
<5^ 


--^ft 3-20 eft 
3 CD 3 _5 s O 3 * 
H,CO £< 1-5^ h-jaj 


s 
.1 

a 
W 






o 

03 

3 


w 

ft'55 
cdt3 

II 


o5 

co oS 
fe' ° 






list 

CD -S v; £3 

38 & 

Ph 


CO 

2o5 

a^ 3 
^ 

f £ 


d 53 "2 CO 55 

O O g CD 
CO OJ CST3 03 
4J ^ CO "53 +s ' 

A 'O 2"0 rQ 

bo fl cd Bi bo 

a A S'8 3 


>3 






H a3 
cS o 

lis 

X S OJ 

^ o3 

o o 
fa 


of 

CD 

Id 

is 

^ o 

3 


fa s 

^a a 
aa a 

Poo 






2* 2 

a^ a 
aa a 

OOO 


'C! CO 

cs a 
S.a 

»5 


From Mexico, 
gardens. 
Common. 

From Europe, 
common. 
Cultivated for foli- 
age, also gardens. 


o 

6 








CD O 
CDS 

C) o 


o-o . 






£ 6 

ft .-a 


CD 


Scarlet and 

yellow. 
Pale blue- 
purple. 
Yellow and 
orange. 
Pink- red. 


1 
(2 






CD 

"55 

o 

S 
o 
o 


1 

"55 

o 
ft 

a 
6 








CD 

'53 -t> cd" 

2 •? ^ 
ft t>Cc3 




CD 

bfl 

X 
c3 

m 


b: fe -m cd 

fa fa ^ M 


2 
> 
Q 

CO 

5 
w 

Ph 
CO 


a 

c3 

.£ 
"E 

"c 
b 
T 

CD 
CD 
p. 

1) 

53 



r c 

CI 


X3 
o 

c 
a 

fa 

1 

a 

CD 
CD 
co 

e 

a 

CO 




5 

e 


> 

a 

H 
CD 
CD 

Cfl 

e 

B 
1 

> g 

s 

t£ 
o 

e 

> s 


> 

EH 
t» 

O" 

e 

a 

Eh 


B 

Q 

CD 
CD 

B 

o 

t* 
o 

s 

c 

s 

c 
1 

: 1 


.a 

It 


"a 
S 


a 
c 
c 
£ 
a 
c 
< 

CD 

« 
CD 
CD 
CO 

[BS 
O 

S 

o 
s 
4, 

s 
- e 

i 
1 


is 

c 
^r 

S 

a. 

CD 

a 

co 

g 

s 
B 

s 

o 
S5 

!h 
O 

"3 
e 

c 

s 


1> 

B 

CD 
3 

O 

a 

CD 

CD 
CD 
XI. 

% 

C 

s S 

Hi 

3~ 
«| 


c 

a 



g 

c 

d 

H 
* 



a 
P 



I 1 



CD 
CO 
CD 

e 


m 

CD 

a 



bi 
S 
O 
t- 
O 
^3 
H 


fa 
B 

S 
•- 


I 



Jb 

8 

CD 
CD 
XI. 

CD 
O 
fa 
tl 
CD 
bl 

H 


c 
c 

B 

•~ 
B 


i 

1 


c 

1 

•c 

a3 
E^ 


!Z5 

a 
c 

a 

E 






■§ 






Common Thistle. 
Cnicus lanceolatus. 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



301 



tH OS 1-1 Iffl 



t-i N f. t- 



03 « 
£«2 















53 =« 02 M 
T3 CO b£ .^ 

2* g-° "5) 

6? 3 



t*s 



M 



o s 
- 13 a 



si 






°03 

2\S a 

PCcj 

Sow 



W OH 



wJ 03 «3 03 

o t* 



e be 

p 



-0) 

a EH 

3-3 

S3 
2d 

o 

GO 



ft. 

Woo 



.22 oJ 
a. a 

03-3 

o 



03 O W C3^ fe 

Ig-a *§J 

£ S 5 .60 » >> 



O C 03 i 03 

eSgs 






■s.'i 



V 

a. 
a: x i 

03 3i« 



sgg 

,* t< 5S 

o 



PI 

£ bo§ 

EH EH* 



4) S 



81 



s g 



& & £ s 



ESS 

3 g 3 



pq 

3 

o 

3 03 



03 £ 



© o £ o 



S 

= 

6 I 

^ 8 



EH E-i EH 



302 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



2 to tl >» 



2 to 2 bo 



2 s * 



2 bb 
3« 



>»bo 



£3 



O CO 

si 

-*-p 



"§8 

(2 



"P 4) _ ; 

P<a J 
Oo3 M 



t> a-p 2 ® 

^ P 03 %-S 
be £ 



•02 M 



OH 
S3 O 



°* fe- 



.-p 

£2 



oi « of 

© a> „; 

^£ £a 

•g§ aJo3 

S "a 60 

a«) fe 



of of 
2> Sob 

Saga 
'gq« w2'o3 

g be gbC 
2 2 






5* 



cDra 



^7? s £ 

-Sft 03 O 






^ a> 



t>ft 



-St 3 " 

'P ?H 

73 O 



£ £ 



* & 



2 § 
§ S 

i i 



I! 
II 

e'g 

II 



£>3 

0.5—. 

o-sra 

O <B^-- cc 8 

s-Sg-s-S 



8 

< 

ga 

° 2 

f- p 



eq 



1 1 



S 8 

Si 



II 






A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



30S 



a a 



£a2 



■3 £ S 



! i if 



O ** 



t* 60.2 



cS » » 
O 2 

« a 



^ o 



Ss as 

IB SS 

fax k« 






•a o . 

a * fl 

I "2 I 

"tab c3 S 

C 



2 s 
fta 
o eS . 

is* 



s fe s 



T3 

-w J- ft tfcft 

•^ ft ft 









ft— CO <V) .O 



22 Si 



•?il^t 



bes o;*=h 



*r o as 



;co 



SBS3"t!. 






s« 



:££ 



8 3 5 1 ?!,§.£« 



K -5 K/ -S K -;5 •<- ™ 



fit 



be £ 
o o 
Q 



<v 


^J 


.3 





ft 

3 

Ph 


0) 


<u 
a> 

r/3 


bo 

3 








GO 











0) 


<n 


<v 











a. 










> 


> 


k 


> 



304 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



1 


| 


1 


05 






1 




1 






s 




if 


«c 

a 


Sd 




00 





3 




cd° of k! a> *j ,.• +i 

a a^ a ft Sfft 

fl 33 3« 5* 

l-B t-jHj ^CC <J02 


"3 5 ft.2 


ft « ft.3 








a 
1 

a 
H 


,3 




w 'gig 3 . -o 

o 2-S "^ g S S s 

■3 "3 eg T3 OS oS <l O 

o pq to Ph ft 


CD 

=i 1 • 

2: to 
co S> <v 

9 "5 ft 

a i 


of «S T3 

:=. rj bo 








I 


o 

a 
a 

o 
O 




^•3^ of 
rg os a • • 

o:S "a a a 

^-ga Soo o 

si* 2°° o 
• s S fa 


T3 

CI 

03 a 

1-S i 
is a 

|&S 












o 


1 

3 

s 




^ i 
. §■* 

0) CD CO C B ji 

•■a .-s .-a '-s'aa 

£ • * * §!* 

co ft 


^a fi> 
.2 s ^ 
£ft£ 


1*1 . 

Sft-I" 

^ ft 








1 


0) 




a ^ i ^ 
2 to 5 ^s 


03 73 
•£ o3 

1 1 


u 

s 








W 
H 
W 

s 

Q 

W 

1 
Oh 
09 


< 

a 

e 

a 

4 

P 

"5 
u 

> 


c 
g 
c 
5 

! 

5 

a 
a 

■ \ 

i 

V 

e 
> 


| 
1 

4 

I 

C 

1 

PC 

a 


E 
F 

OS 


a 
t 

1 

* 


5z 

a 
2 

> 

c 

a 


- < 

■I 

-t- 

P 

1 

a 

1 


9" 

<n 

K 

0) - 

-a 

CD P 
BB.fi 

N 


s 

I 

1 


I 

c 

IE 


c 
s- 

a 

i 


s < 

s 

c 

' f- 
6 

1 


c 

t 

p 


§1 
£! 

a c 
^ 

^ a 


i 

1 
-P 

1 


i 

,go3 

Is 

I! 

g w 

^^ 

a t - 
|| 


: 

• : 

'. 

"3 

63 

CD 
9) 

c3 

1 



A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. 



305 



53 5? " (N oi 









^3 






«3 



I 1 . 1 
If I 
2£ S 



w o ^ o 






ft 



¥S 



2 3 
.ill ».§ 



S »< W) 



*a 



o 



II s . I 



'-3 b 



si c3 






Ha* 



* g 



o>5 



d 

1| 

I" 



,3 a d bq . 



,d a 



§3 



! o ^ 
! os,d 



£1 



. ft o 

o d > 
- 1 ft 



M 



*Sa 



be? 






S3 d d d 



So 



306 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



s 


§ 










8 












1 






OS 


OS 




o» 


b«t>.eO " " COO 




OS 


OS 




OS 


Ph 




^ 


^ 


OS 


~ 


1* 

?! o 




£> 


Is 


>> 


^ 








■ 05 +j 

* a A 




a 3 


"3 


"3 


P 3 








3 a) 




H-° 


Sl-s 


1-5 


1-8 


i=>^ 








^co 






-O . 




>> 


















E-JS 


--"-ti 


■O 


•— !"-t> 














13 

s 


IS 


1! 


d 
co 1—5 


i| 


11 








o 

CO 




g 


>>« 


f'l 


^u 


t>>« 








49 






o ^ 


13 S-, 


"O S-, 


^ Si 








J 






"O d 


d 3 


.d "" 


d c3 


C a3 








bo 




c 
H 


CC CD 

go 


co d 


5* 

3 


CO d 


e3 cu 
CO d 








3 






o 


„ 


„ 
















1 




"3 
e3 

r&o 


of* -« q 


S- 

OS 

Is 








o 

ll 

S ol 










-a r 
2« 












o 


o 


Sa5 

eg a 


C8.-S 












3 x 

•go 








$<£i 


OjrJ 


njjp 


C 2 0>-d 










O 


* 
^ 


6* 




Sfi 


Hft&£ 








^8 






.2 
















ai 




>> 


T>> 


£> 


^ 


>> 


jj» 








o 




a 


















P, 




£ 


c3 

a 


3 


3 


3 


3 








1 




























































^P 






























■— ' o 






























i-5 e 






























oS 






F 
























w s 






o 


£ 






















e8^S 






13 
03 


1 

> 


2 

| 




















c3 D 

11 






1 


q 


Ph 




















"o-S 






a 


fc 


05 




















«j si, 






'5 


< 


^sffl 


















CIS) 




'. CO 

-M Si 










.8 


e 

03 
O 








O o3 


3g 


,? 




1 


c 






c^ 


# dPn 
"fl <D 

C 05 




d t 

*> 




| 

c 

1 




1 
C 
5 

C 


i 


i 

5 
c 

c 
; 




c 


a 


s 

e 

S 

e 


a 
ft 

c 


J 

I 

c 
1 


I 

g 


0= 

1 

5 


73 

e 

,8 



INDEX FOR LOCALITIES. 



Africa, 14. 

Alleghany Mountains, 61, 196. 

Argentine Republic, 131. 

Arkansas, 201. 

Asia, 91. 

Asia Minor, 11, 147. 

Bergen Park, Col., 130. 

Berkshire, 138, 169. 

Boston, 3, 6, 29, 108 138, 157, 195, 240, 

242, 246. 
Brooklyn, 19, 25, 159. 
Buzzard's Bay, 35. 

California, 148, 189, 199. 

Campton, N. H., 22, 25, 48, 54, 76, 79 

83, 88, 156, 158, 216, 224, 227. 
Cape Cod, Mass., 63, 126, 164. 
Cape of Good Hope, 116, 197, 199. 
Carolinas, 108, 131, 153, 193. 
Catskill Mountains, 99, 157, 168. 
Central Park, 54. 
Chili, 106, 111. 
China, 190, 232, 246. 
Clarendon Hills, Mass., 242. 
Cologne, 216. 
Concord, Mass., 133. 
Constantinople, 12. 
Crawford Notch, White Mountains, 

30, 165. 

Eastern States, 9, 23, 61, 100. 
England, 3, 11, 12, 105. 141, 246. 
Esopus Creek, N. Y., 195. 



Europe, 12, 89, 90, 142, 190, 195, 197, 
202, 238, 243. 

Florida, 100, 194. 
France, 74, 106, 107, 152, 197, 246. 
Franconia Mountains, 12. 
Franconia Notch, 71. 

Germany, 90. 
Gibraltar, 89, 92. 
Greenland, 98, 145. 

Haarlem, Holland, 11. 

Hastings-on-the-Hudson, 83. 

Himalayas, 63. 

Hoboken, 195. 

Holland, 11, 12. 

Hudson, Valley of the, 157, 195. 

Illinois, 131. 
India, 116, 121, 147, 149. 
Indian Territory. 194. 
Italy, 8, 11, 91, 141. 

Japan, 97, 105, 140, 232, 246. 

Kansas, 104, 242. 

Lake George, 169. 
Lakewood, N. J., 108. 
Levant, The, 91, 197, 200. 
Long Island, N. Y., 19, 85, 240. 
Louisiana, 152. 



307 



308 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. 



Maine, 63, 221, 223. 
Maryland, 104, 242. 
Massachusetts, 2, 3, 29, 61, 108. 
Mexico, 49, 121, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 

210, 246. 
Missouri, 153. 
Montpelier, 210. 
Morristown, N. J., 102. 

Mount Washington, 10, 97, 131, 165. 

Nantucket, Mass., 35, 63, 104. 

Neponset River, 195. 

New England, 1, 2, 3, 82, 86, 96, 98, 

117, 123, 126, 134, 153, 164, 194, 210, 

212, 228, 245. 
New Hampshire, 19, 26, 61, 70, 83, 84, 

88, 102, 131, 138, 160, 195, 208, 230, 

245. 
New Jersey, 19, 53, 63, 70, 85, 86, 108, 

121, 138, 160, 168, 196, 209, 223, 230, 

235. 
New York, 19, 53, 96, 100, 101, 105, 117, 

160, 199, 234, 246. 

Ohio, 5. 

Palestine, 89. 

Pemigewasset River, 40, 136. 
Pemigewasset Valley, 12, 31, 53, 85, 

211, 240, 242, 243. 
Pennsylvania, 86, 132, 141, 191, 195, 

238. 
Persia, 12, 147. 
Peru, 106, 111. 
Philadelphia, 53. 



Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 2, 19, 102. 
Public Garden, Boston, 5, 62. 
Pyrenees Mountains, 238. 

Rome, 141. 
Roxbury, Mass., 4. 

Saddle River, N. J., 70. 

Scotland, 141, 165. 

Siberia, 5, 190. 

Silver Lake, Staten Island, 45. 

South America, 111, 120, 131, 135, 203. 

Spain, 89. 

Squam Lake, N. H., 85. 

St. Bernard Pass. 108. 

Staten Island, 10, 51. 

Switzerland, 108. 

Syria, 192. 

Texas, 92, 104, 153, 202, 208, 242, 246. 
Thibet, 139. 

United States, 193. 

Vermont, 27. 
Virginia, 195, 196, 221. 

Waterville, N. H., 80. 
Wells River, Vt., 210. 
White Hills (the White Mountains), 

2, 40, 83, 136, 156, 169, 242. 
White Mountains, 2, 16, 25, 28, 29, 32, 

35, 52, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 80, 88, 

156, 221, 238, 245. 



THE END. 



FRANK M. CHAPMAN'S BOOKS. 
Bird Studies with a Camera. 

With Introductory Chapters on the Outfit and Methods of the 
Bird Photographer. By Frank M. Chapman, Assistant Curator 
of Vertebrate Zoology in the American Museum of Natural 
History ; Author of " Handbook of Birds of Eastern North 
America" and " Bird- Life. ' ' Illustrated with over ioo Photo- 
graphs from Nature by the Author. I 2mo. Cloth, #1.75. 

Bird students and photographers will find that this book possesses for them a unique 
interest and value. It contains fascinating accounts of the habits of some of our com- 
mon birds and descriptions of the largest bird colonies existing in eastern North Amer- 
ica ; while its author's phenomenal success in photographing birds in Nature not only 
lends to the illustrations the charm of realism, but makes the book a record of surpris- 
ing achievements with the camera Several of these illustrations have been describe d 
by experts as " the most remarkable photographs of wild life we have ever seen." Tl e 
book is practical as well as descriptive, and in the opening chapters the questions of 
camera, lens, plates, blinds, decoys, and other pertinent matters are fully discussed. 

Bird-Life. 

A Guide to the Study of our Common Birds. With 75 full-page 
uncolored plates and 25 drawings in the text, by Ernest Seton 
Thompson. Library Edition. 1 2mo. Cloth, #1.75. 

The Same, with lithographic plates in colors. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. 

TEACHERS' EDITION. Same as Library Edition, but con- 
taining an Appendix with new matter designed for the use of 
teachers, and including lists of birds for each month of the year. 
i2mo. Cloth, $2.00. 

TEACHERS' MANUAL. To accompany Portfolios of Colored 
Plates of Bird-Life. Contains the same text as the Teachers' 
Edition of "Bird-Life," but is without the 75 uncolored plates. 
Sold only with the Portfolios, as follows : 

Portfolio No. I. — Permanent Residents and Winter Visitants. 32 
plates. 

Portfolio No. II. — March and April Migrants. 34 plates. 

Portfolio No. III. — May Migrants, Types of Birds' Eggs, Types of 

Birds' Nests from Photographs from Nature. 34 plates. 

Price of Portfolios, each, $1.25$ with Manual, $2.00. The 

three Portfolios with Manual, $4.00. 

Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America. 

With nearly 200 Illustrations. 1 2mo. Library Edition, cloth, 
$3.00 ; Pocket Edition, flexible morocco, $3.50. 

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK. 



D. APPLETON AND COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS. 

T^AMILIAR LIFE IN FIELD AND FOREST. 
■*- By F. Schuyler Mathews. Uniform with " Familiar Flow- 
ers," " Familiar Trees," and " Familiar Features of the Road- 
side." With many Illustrations. i2mo. Cloth, $1.75. 
The great popularity of Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews's charmingly illustrated 
books upon flowers, trees, and roadside life insures a cordial reception for 
his forthcoming book, which describes the animals, reptiles, insects, and 
birds commonly met with in the country. His book will be found a most 
convenient and interesting guide to an acquaintance with common wild 
creatures. 

C AMILIAR FEATURES OF THE ROADSIDE. 

-*• By F. Schuyler Mathews, author of " Familiar Flowers of 

Field and Garden," " Familiar Trees and their Leaves," etc. 

With 130 Illustrations by the Author. i2mo. Cloth, $1.75. 

" Which one of us, whether afoot, awheel, on horseback, or in comfortable carriage, 
has not whiled away the time by glancing about? How many of us, however, have 
taken in the details of what charms us ? We see the flowering fields and budding woods, 
listen to the notes of birds and frogs, the hum of some big bumblebee, but how much do 
we know of what we sense ? These questions, these doubts have occurred to all of us, 
and it is to answer them that Mr. Mathews sets forth. It is to his credit that he suc- 
ceeds so well. He puts before us in chronological order the flowers, birds, and beasts 
we meet on our highway and byway travels, tells us how to recognize them, what they 
are really like, and gives us at once charming drawings in words and lines, for Mr. 
Mathews is his own illustrator." — Bostoti Journal. 

AMILIAR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES. 

By F. Schuyler Mathews, author of " Familiar Flowers of 
Field and Garden," "The Beautiful Flower Garden," etc. 
Illustrated with over 200 Drawings from Nature by the Au- 
thor, and giving the botanical names and habitat of each tree 
and recording the precise character and coloring of its leafage. 
i2mo. Cloth, $1.75. 

" It is not often that we find a book which deserves such unreserved commenda- 
tion. It is commendable for several reasons : it is a book that has been needed for a 
long time, it is written in a popular and attractive style, it is accurately and profusely 
illustrated, and it is by an authority on the subject of which it treats." — Public Opinion. 

AMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND 

GARDEN. By F. Schuyler Mathews. Illustrated with 

200 Drawings by the Author. i2mo. Library Edition, cloth, 

$1.75 ; Pocket Edition, flexible morocco, $2.25. 

"A book of much value and interest, admirably arranged for the student and the 
lover of flowers. . . . The text is full of compact information, well selected and inter- 
estingly presented. ... It seems to us to be a most attractive handbook of its kind." 
— New York Sun. 



F 



F 



D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK. 



THE LIBRARY OF USEFUL STORIES. 

Illustrated* J6mo. Cloth. 40 cents per volume. 

NOW READY. 
The Story of the Alphabet. By Edward Clodd. 

The Story of Eclipses. By g. f. chambers. 
The Story of the Living Machine. By h. w. Conn. 
The Story of the British Race. By John munro, c. e. 
The Story of Geographical Discovery. By Joseph 

Jacobs. 

The Story of the Cotton Plant. By f. Wilkinson, f.g.s. 

The Story Of the Mind. By Prof. J. Mark Baldwin. 

The Story of Photography. By Alfred t. story. 

The Story of Life in the Seas. By Sidney j. hickson. 

The Story of Germ Life. By Prof. h. w. conn. 

The Story of the Earth's Atmosphere. By Doug- 
las Archibald. 

The Story of Extinct Civilizations of the East. 

By Robert Anderson, M. A., F. A. S. 

The Story of Electricity. By John Munro, c. e. 
The Story of a Piece of Coal. By e. a. martin, f.g.s. 
The Story of the Solar System. By c. f. Chambers, 

F. R. A. S. 

The Story of the Earth. By h. g. Seeley, f. r. s. 

The Story of the Plants. By grant Allen. 

The Story of " Primitive " Man. By Edward Clodd. 

The Story Of the Stars. By G. F. Chambers, f. r. a. s. 
others in preparation. 

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK. 



TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS. 



Plant Relations. 

A First Book of Botany. By John M. Coulter, 
A. M., Ph. D., Head of Department of Botany, 
University of Chicago. i2mo. Cloth, $1.10 net. 

"< Plant Relations' is charming both in matter and style. The book is 
superbly manufactured, letterpress and illustration yielding the fullest measure 
of delight from every page." — JV. McK. Vance, Superintendent of Schools, 
Urbana, Ohio. 

" I am extremely pleased with the text-book, ' Plant Relations.' " — H. 
TV. Conn, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. 

"Dr. Coulter's * Plant Relations,' a first text-book of botany, is a wholly 
admirable work. Both in plan and in structure it is a modern and scientific 
book. It is heartily recommended." — Educational Review. 

"It is a really beautiful book, the illustrations being in many cases simply 
exquisite, and is written in the clear, direct, and simple style that the author 
knows so well how to use. A very strong feature of the work is the promi- 
nence given to ecological relations, which I agree with Dr. Coulter should be 
made the leading subject of study in the botany of the preparatory schools." — 
V. M. Spalding, University of Michigan. 

" We can hardly conceive of a wiser way to introduce the pupil to the fas- 
cinating study of botany than the one indicated in this book." — Education. 

"The book is a marvel of clearness and simplicity of expression, and that, 
too, without any sacrifice of scientific accuracy. " — School Review. 

"It marks the passage of the pioneer stage in botanical work, and affords 
the student a glimpse of a field of inquiry higher than the mere tabulation and 
classification of facts. " — C. H. Gordon, Superintendent of Schools, Lincoln, Neb. 

" It will surely be a Godsend for those high-school teachers who are strug- 
gling with insufficient laboratory equipment, and certainly presents the most 
readable account of plants of any single elementary book I have seen." — L. M. 
Underwood, Columbia University. 

" We heartily recommend his book as one of the clearest and simplest pres- 
entations of plant relations that we have seen." — Independent. 



APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK 



